Primer 18

Question 1

What is CREST Scleroderma?

What exactly does CREST stand for?

Answer 1

Disease meaning “hardening of the skin”

Skin tightens up (literally)

C- calcinosis

R- Raynauds

E- esophageal dysmotility

S-scelrodactyly (see picture)

T- telangiectasia

Question 2

Penicillins: MOA

Answer 2

• Cell wall inhibitors
• Bind Pen. Binding Protein to prevent crosslinking within the cell wall

Question 3

What do the primitive atria and ventricles give rise to?

Answer 3

The trabeculated parts of the adult atria and ventricles, but not the smooth parts

Question 4

From where are the smooth sections of ventricle derived?

Smooth parts of the atria?

Answer 4

• ventricle: bulbus cordis
• atria: right sinus venosus

Question 5

What are the three sections of the fetal renal system?

Answer 5

1. pronephros
2. mesonephros
3. metanephros

Question 6

Which of the fetal renal structures gives rise to the adult kidney/ nephrons?

Which serves as the fetal kindney?

Which regresses entirely by week four?

Answer 6

metanephros- adult kidney

metA= Adult

mesonephros- fetal kidney, present at week 5

pronephros- regresses entirely at week 4, replaced by mesonephros

Question 7

What is POTTERs disease?

Answer 7

-agenesis of kidneys –> oligohydraminos

P- pulmonary hypoplasia

O- oligohydraminos

T- twisted skin

T-twisted face

E- extremities deformed (ie club foot)

R- renal agenesis

Question 8

What is Horseshoe kidney?

What genetic disease is it assc with?

Answer 8

• inferior poles of kidneys fuse = single kidney
• doesn’t ascend into upper abdomen, gets caught on inferior mesenteric artery
• assc with Turner’s Syndrome (females)

Question 9

What are the two cell types in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

How is the JGA stimulated to release renin?

Answer 9

• JG cells: release renin
• macula densa cells: cells in close proximit to DT, sense Na and pressure levels

decreased BP, decreased Na, or sympathetic stimulation cause renin release by JG cells

Question 10

Most common site for renal stones to lodge?

Answer 10

UV joint (uretovesical joint, where ureters and bladder meet)

Question 11

What does that saying “water under the bridge” mean?

Answer 11

• It means that the tubes carrying water (urine) are always UNDER important structure
• i.e. : ureters are UNDER the uterine artery (females) or vas deferens (males).

Question 12

Compare the blood brain barrier to the glomerular filtration barrier:

Answer 12

• BBB: capillary endothelium, basement membrane, and ASTROCYTE FEET!
• GFB: capillary endothelium, BM and PODOCYTES!