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Human Bio 1101 > primates > Flashcards

primates Flashcards

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1
Q

homology

A

Close relatives share similar traits due to common ancestry

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2
Q

phylogenic contraints

A

Evolutionary history limits the variation observed in current populations/species

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3
Q

vestigial traits

A

‘Legacies’ from ancestors that are not functional at present

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4
Q

convergence

A

Traits of unrelated or more distantly related groups appear similar due to common selective pressures – rather than common ancestors

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5
Q

fossil homindes

A

fossils that no longer are avlive however relate to humans

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6
Q

socioecology

A

the relatonship of primate social behaviour and social organisation to the envionment

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7
Q

Linnaeus

A

anatomical similarties between monkeys, apes and humans

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8
Q

Darwin

A

if man had not been his own classifer he ould never have thought of founding a seperate order for his own reception

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9
Q

2 reasons to study primates

A

1- homology: closley related species tend to be similar morphologically becauase they share traits acquired through decent from a common ancestor
2- anaology: natural selection leads to similar organisms in similar environments by assesing the diversity in behaviour and morphology of organisms in relation to their envionment

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10
Q

examples of primate evolution

A

1- warfare:
chimps: lethal intergroup aggression
humans: warfare
2- culture and traditions:
humans: chinease eat with chopsticks austrlians use cuttlery
Chip: use stone hammers in africa but not in east africa
3- prosocial behaviour:
humans: act out of self interest but also act on the welfare of others
chimp: spontaneous helping

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11
Q

classification

A

hierachy of levels for grouping primates in larger units based on relationship

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12
Q

taxonomic groups

A

similar characterstics

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13
Q

ancestral traits

A

retained from ancestral groups

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14
Q

derived traits

A

newly arising in focal taxon

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15
Q

prehensile

A

grasping of hands and feets (opposable big toe)

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16
Q

steroscophic vision

A

each eye sends a signal of the visual image to both hemispheres in the brain to create an image with depth

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17
Q

binocular vision

A

fields of vision of the 2 eyes overlap so that both eyes perceive the same image

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18
Q

colour vision

A

all diurnal primates have it, nocturnal primates don’t

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19
Q

Postorbital plate/bar

A

anthropidea: postorbital plate
Prosimii: postorbital bar

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20
Q

olfactory apparatus

A

reliance on sense of small
- reduction in sensory areas of brain and in snout
– especially in diurnal primate

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21
Q

unspecialised teeth

A 
Utility
– processing food
– weapons in conflicts
• Primates have generalized dentition
• Teeth tell us something about
– dietary preferences
– age of individuals and
developmental patterns
– phylogenetic relationships
– social structure
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22
Q

dental formulas

A

top jaw/lower jaw
2123
2123

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23
Q

primate evloution: large brain

A 
Primates generally
evolved larger body size
• Brain increases with
increase in body size
• Primate brains
increased in size more
rapidly than body size
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24
Q

themes of evolutionary diversification within order

A
  • mode of locomotion
  • dentiton and diet
  • sociality
  • brain development
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25
Q

prosimians

A 
- Prosimii (‘before monkeys’)
• Earliest primate group 55+ MYA
• More reliance on olfaction
– long snout
– moist, fleshy pad (rhinarium) at
end of nose
– use scent marking
– “split” upper lip
– Dental comb
– Unfused mandible (lower jaw bones)
– Post orbital bar, not plate
– Many nocturnal
• Tapetum lucidum
• reflective layer in eye that
maximizes use of light
• Quadrupedal & mostly arboreal
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26
Q

prosimii lorisoidea

A 
• 2 families
– Lorises (Lorisisdae)
– Galagos (Galagidae)
• Africa and SE Asia
• 2133/2133
• Quadrupedal climbers
• Nocturnal, arboreal,
solitary
• Leave their dependent
offspring in nests
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27
Q

family lorisidae

A 
Nycticebus coucang
(Slow loris):
SE Asia
• 400 grams
• Nocturnal
• Diet: tree gum
Loris tardigradus
(Slender loris):
S India
• 200 grams
• “Banana on stilts”
• Slow and cryptic
• Powerful grasp
• Nocturnal
• Diet: fruit and
insects
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28
Q

family Galagidae

A 
Continental Africa
• Long bushy tails
• Large ear pinna
• Nocturnal
• Leapers
• Diet: fruit, gum, animal
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29
Q

Prosimii: lemuroidea

A 
Madagascar
• Diverse taxon
• Most nocturnal
• Most arboreal
• Some torpor
– state of decreased
physiological activity
• Females dominant
30
Q

lemuridae:

A 
Madagascar
• 3 kg
• Monomorphic
– males & females alike
• Diurnal, partly terrestrial
• Diet: fruit, leaves
• Social
• Females dominant
• Scent mark vegetation
• Males display waving
‘scented’ tails (‘stink fight’)
31
Q

Lemuroidea: Indridae

A 
Madagascar
• Diurnal, arboreal
• Ca 7 kg
• Vertical clinging &
leaping
• Diet: leaves, fruit
• Monogamous
32
Q

Tarsioidea

A 
• East Asia
• Nocturnal and arboreal
• 110 grams
• Dental formula 2133/1133
• Diet: 100% animal prey
• Incomplete post orbital plate
• Grooming claws (2)
• Eye larger than brain
• Rotate head almost 180
degrees
• Clinging and leaping
• Solitary (except females +
young)
33
Q

anthropoidea

A 
• Single clade (all from one
ancestor)
• No grooming claw (all
nails)
• No tapetum lucidum
(only 1 nocturnal genus)
• Largely diurnal
• Fused lower jaw
• Short snout / reduced
olfactory reliance
• Continuous hairy dry upper
lip
• Postorbital plate
• Larger relative brain size
than prosimians
34
Q

Platyrrhini (‘flat noses’):
Ceboidea (New World
Monkeys)

A 
• Only Ceboidea (but not all) have
prehensile (grasping) tails
• Dental usually 2133/2133
• Sideways-facing nares (nostrils)
• Completely arboreal
• Diurnal (except 1 genus)
• Two large families
– Cebidae
– Callitrichidae
35
Q

Cebidae

A 
Diverse family
• 5 subfamilies
• Dental 2133/2133
• >3-8 kg
• All nails
• Many with
prehensile tail
• Diurnal
• Leaves, fruit,
animal matter
36
Q

Callitrichidae

A 
All < 1 kg
• Dental = 2132/2132
(molar reduction!)
• Claw-like nails
(reversal) except 1
st
toe
• Quadrupedal
• Diurnal
• Diet: fruit, gum,
animal
• Family groups of 5-
10
• Most twin
37
Q

Catarrhini (‘narrow noses’):

Cercopithecoidea

A 
• 1 family (Cercopithecidae) = Old
World monkeys
• Dental: 2123/2123
• Bilophodont molars
• Ischial callosities near tail
• Some with sexual swellings
• Tail never prehensile
• Wide variety of habitats
• 2 subfamilies
• Cercopithicinae
– largely fruit eating
• Colobinae
– largely leaf eating
38
Q

Colobinae

A 
Africa, Asia
• Arboreal (most)
• Leaf and seed eaters,
lichen (some)
• Have complex stomachs
• Often found in ‘harems’
39
Q

Cercopithecinae

A 
Africa &amp; Asia
• Variable in size
• Typically live in medium or
large bisexual groups
(multimale-multifemale)
40
Q

Examples of Cercopithecinae

A
  • Patas (Erythrocebus)
  • Mandrill (Mandrillus)
  • Japanese macaque
41
Q

Catarrhini: Hominoidea (apes and humans)

A 
Larger body (usually)
• No tails
• Limb arrangement reflecting
brachiation
– rotation of shoulder &amp; scapula
– ventral-dorsal flattening of trunk
(shallow chest)
– wrist joint flexibility
• Longer forelimb than hindlimb
– human reversal
• Y-5 molars on mandible
• Relatively even larger brains
• Prolonged dependency of young
42
Q

Hominoidea: Hylobatidae

A 
SE Asia
• Diurnal, arboreal
• 6-8 kg
• Brachiators
• Ischial callosities
• Monomorphic body size
(but some dichromatism)
• Mostly fruit
• Monogamous
• Territorial
• Vocal duets
43
Q

Hominoidea: Pongidae

A 
Orangutan (Pongo)
– 2 species
• Borneo &amp; Sumatra
• Ca 37-77 kg
• Males 2x female body weight
• No ischial callosities
• Quadrumanous
• Cheek flanges in dominant males
• Diurnal, arboreal
• Fruit, leaves, animal
• Most solitary
• Slowest life history of all primates
– age at first reproduction: 15 yrs
– inter-birth interval: 9 yrs
44
Q

Hominoidea: Hominidae

A 
Gorilla (Gorilla)
• 70-170 kg; males = 2x
females
• No ischial callosities
• Knuckle walk
• More terrestrial
• Mainly folivorous
• Typically in one-male
groups
45
Q

Hominoidea: Hominidae

A 
2 species
– chimpanzee
– bonobo
• 31-60 kg; sex
dimorph varies
• Knuckle walk
• Quadruped;
climbing
• Fruit, leaves,
animals
46
Q

Behavioural peculiarities of chimps and bonobos

A
  • large mixed sec communities
  • chimps modify natural objects for use as tool in the wild
  • chimps co-operativley hunt other primates
  • bonobos: ‘make love not war’ ape
47
Q

evolution of primate traits

A

• Natural selection → increased efficiency of behaviours in particular environments
- Some individuals better able to produce more offspring →left
more copies of their genes

48
Q

behavioural ecology

A
  • the study of behaviour from an evolutionary and ecological perspective
  • Behaviour is a product of
    natural selection on ancestral populations resulting in increased adaptation to particular habitat
    • Anatomical traits and
    behaviour linked
49
Q

socioecology

A 
• Social system evolves in
response to ecological
conditions
• Availability and distribution of resources →
– competition
– grouping
– social behaviour
– mating patterns
• Social behaviour is a suite
of adaptations to the
ecological and social
environment
50
Q

social organization

A

group compositon and spatiotemproal cohesion

51
Q

social structure

A

social interactions and relationships

52
Q

mating system

A

whos mates with whom and what are the genetic consequences

53
Q

what is needed to survive

A 
Find food
– Find and co-ordinate with mate
– Have offspring &amp; rear offspring
– Avoid parasites
– Avoid predators
54
Q

pros of living in a group

A

defense of territory/food
resources & mates from
competitors
– lower risk of predation

55
Q

cons of living in a group

A 
Costs
– increased competition for
resources (food, mates)
– increased likelihood of
disease and parasite
transmission
– increased consp
56
Q

benefits of sociality

A 
lower risk of predation
Detection
• more eyes to detect predators
Deterrence
• more individuals to mob or chase
predators away
Dilution
• smaller chance that any one individual
is the prey of the day when group is
larger-
57
Q

what is the optimal group size

A 
The size and
composition of groups
reflects a compromise
between the costs and
benefits of sociality
for individuals
58
Q

what is reproductive success limited by?

A

females: access to resources
males: access to females
ecological pressures: influnce the distrabution of females, and males distribute themselves to maximize their access to females

59
Q

explain/define the food that is needed

A 
• Supplies energy
requirements for survival,
growth &amp; reproduction
• Dietary specializations
drive numerous
specializations
– body size
– teeth form and number
– gut length
– hand (shape, function)
– locomotor and suspensory
systems
– brain size
• Different kinds of foods in
different kinds of habitats
are distributed differently
in space and time
60
Q

what are the major adaptations to the digestive tract in primates and colobines

A

Primates unable to digest cellulose → microorganism for cellulose digestion
Colobines: complex multi-chambered stomach with cellulose-digesting bacteria

61
Q

effect of resource distrabution

A

High-quality food such as fruits have patchier distributions than low quality foods such as leaves

62
Q

what are the types of competition and how does this affect resources

A
  • scramble: “first come first serve”
  • Food is evenly distributed
  • Amount of food available per individual decreases with increasing group size
  • contest: Food is found in defensible clumps
    – Individuals compete
    aggressively over access to
    resources
63
Q

why do animals disperse

A 
Avoid inbreeding
– reason in many cases for
natal dispersal but does not
explain secondary dispersal
• Seeking better resources
– plays important role
secondary dispersal
• Result of intrasexual
competition-
– but does not explain
species where individuals
leave voluntarily
64
Q

solitary

A

males defend home ranges tha encompass home ranges of several females

65
Q

monogamous pairs

A

when females are dispersed males may associate permanently with one of them

66
Q

polyandry

A

several males associate with one repoductive female

67
Q

polygyny

A

if females are clumped in groups one male may be able to monopolize access to a group

68
Q

male infanticide

A

Infanticide by males is major source of infant mortality in primates
– especially in single-male groups
• Most cases of infanticide follow changes in male residence (eg. takeovers) or dominance rank

69
Q

human mating system and the types of mating that i allowed

A

• Majority of human societies allow polygyny
• but its frequency depends on subsistence
style:
– monogamy predominates in forager societies
– pastoralists and agriculturalists show significant
polygyny

70
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

Correlation between sexual size dimorphism and polygyny in many mammalian groups
• Pronounced body size dimorphism is suggestive of
high levels of male–male competition

71
Q

how does testis size affect the mating system

A

Primate species in promiscuous mating systems have much larger testes relative to body size than primates in single-male groups
• Humans: mild level of promiscuity

72
Q

sprem competition in humans

A
  • Male ejaculate volume reflects risk of extra-pair copulation (EPC)
  • Ejaculate volume from copulations correlated with length of time for which couple were apart – effect independent of time since last copulation
  • → Functions to maximise probability of conception by swamping any rival sperm

Human Bio 1101 (8 decks)

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