Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Bio 1101 > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is evolution

A

biological change over timeinherited genetic makeup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

population

A

a group within a species of interbreeding individuals and their offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

small scale evolution

A

changes in gene frequency in a population from one generation to the next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

large scale evolution

A

the decent of different species from a common ancestor over many generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

peppered moth

A

2 types- light and dark. The population of melanic (dark) has changed from 1% to 99% due to the environemental change (smoke, industrial revolution)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

3 debates in evolution

A

1- is evolution real
2- what course did that evolution take
3- what is the mechanism for the genetic change over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

pre darwinian evolutionary ideas

A
  • early greek philosophers- posited a static unchanging view on the world
  • western thought that the world and its entirity was created by god in their present form showing little change of generations
  • European renaissance: scientific method
  • minister John Ray argued for a scientific sequence of comparisons among organisms
  • Jean-Baptiste Lamrack: believed that the environment would affect the future shape and organization of animals
  • Charles Lyall and James hutton - uniformitarianism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Carolus Linneaus

A

argued that species were fixed and unchangeable and were created orginally as we find them today (mordern taxonomy)
FACT: fixity of species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck

A

FACT: change of species
species did change over time and believed in evolution
- scale of nature, species would change and get higher up the scale and get better and better

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Charles Darwin

A
  • he found obserable variation in species
  • species vaired from place to place
  • variations were dependant on the enevironment
  • decent with modification
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Rev. Thomas Robert Malthus

A
  • unchecked breeding causes populations to grow geomertically whereas food supply grows more slowly
  • the population increases faster than the food supply so some people survive but some people die
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Charles Lyell

A

Principle of Uniformitarianism: laws of physics and chemisty have not changed throughout earths history
- past geological events occured by natural processes similar to those observed todya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

darwins model of evolution by natural selection (obseravtions)

A

1- organisms have great potential fertility which permits expodential growth of populations
2- natural populations normally do not increase exponentially but remain fairly constant in size
3- natrual resources are limited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

darwins model of evolution by natural selection (Inference)

A

1- a struggle for existence occurs among organisms in a population
2- varying organisms show differnetial surival and reproduction, favouring advantageous traits
3- natrual selection acting over many genrations gradually produces new adaptations and new species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

darwin and wallace

A

evolutionary change is caused by differential survival and reproduction mong organisms differing in hereditary traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

darwin and wallace conditions and mechanism

A

1- intrinsic increase in number of individuals within a species
2- competition for limited resources
3- survival of the few
Mechanism: natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

natural selection

A

the preservation of favourable individual differences and variations and the destruction of those which are injurious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

cliff swallow (natural selection)

A

change in environment leads to a change in selection pressures
large bodies, more symmertical wings and tail feathers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Heredity

A

mutations in genes and chromosomes produce new variations which are passed on to sunsequent generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Mendel

A

believed that inherited characters did not blend but were transmitted as discrete particals (1 element has 2 possible particals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Mendels law of inhertiance

A

1- no diminishing characteristc
2- each individual carries a pair of alleles for each trait
3- alleles dominant or recessive
4- during formation each allele travles to its own gamete
5- alleles controlling a trait reach gametes independently of alleles controlling other traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

gene

A

a unit of ingeritance affecting the characterstics of a trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

allele

A

one of two or more alternative expressions of a gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

genotype

A

the genetic makeup of someone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

gene pool

A

all genes in the eggs and sperm in a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

phenotype

A

the expression of the genotype and environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

muatation

A

a spontaneous error in DNA replication leading to a heritable change in a individuals genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

genetic combinations are created in 2 ways

A

1- corssing over during meiosis

2- sexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

selection pressures

A
  • biotic factos (competiton, predation, disease)

- Abiotic factors (climate, topography, habitat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Types of selection

A 
Natural selection: 
- stabilising selection
- directional selection
- disruptive selection
Artifical selection
Sexual selection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

stabilising selection

A

selects against the extreme phenotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

directional selection

A

phenotypic character shifts in one direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

disruptive selection

A

selects against average phenotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

artifical selection

A

humans are the selecting factor (select the advantages traits)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

sexual selection

A

selection in traits that give an individual an advantage in attracting mates, even if these traits are neutal or harmful for survival

36
Q

speciation

A

the evoluntary process or event by which new species arise

37
Q

principals of science

A
  • Science is guided by natural law
    – Science has to be explained by reference to natural law
    – Science is testable
    – The conclusions of science are tentative
    – Science is falsifiable
38
Q

Scientific method

A

hypothetico deductive method: Scientific process of making a conjecture (hypothesis)
based on observations and then seeking empirical tests
that potentially lead to its rejection

39
Q

Evidence for evolution

A
  • fossil record

- stratigraphy

40
Q

fossil record

A

a date of the sequence of morphological change. provided evidence of change over time

41
Q

evolutionary trends

A

are directional changes in features and diversity of organisms

  • perpetual change
  • common ancestry
  • anagensis
42
Q

comparative anatomy - homologies

A
  • forelimbs of bat, mole, and dugong
  • each limb performs different functons
  • all are superficially different
  • all share common underlying anatomical plan
43
Q

homology

A

the same organ in different organisms under every variety of form and function

44
Q

phylogenetic constraint

A

evolution is constrained by ancestry
- a species may inherit particular traits or developmental systems that contrain the possible variation that forms the basis of new adaptations

45
Q

vestigial features

A

some features in animals are reduced because they are no longer required for survival

46
Q

atavistic features

A

‘throwback features’ such as the number of toes that the horse walk on

47
Q

analogous features

A

similar features evolve independantly through similar environmental selection pressures

48
Q

convergent evolution

A

separate lineages that were quite different but become similar because of similar lifestyles

49
Q

homologies

A

similar characterstics shared by two different organisms because they were inherited from a common ancestor

50
Q

analogies

A

are similar characterstics shared by two differetn organisms because of convergent evolution

51
Q

homoplasmy

A

structures are similar in apperance may or may not be homolgous or analogous

52
Q

artifical selection

A

a process in the breeding of animals and in the cultivation of plants by which the breeder chooses to perpetuate only those forms having certain desirable inheritable characteristics.

53
Q

adaptive radiation

A

the formation of many new species following the availabilty of new environments or the development of new adaptation

54
Q

fossil record and living species evidence is due to what course and what mechansim

A 
• COURSE
– Descent with modification
– Gradualism vs punctuated equilibrium
– Mosaic evolution
• MECHANISM
1. Natural selection
2. Mutation
3. Gene flow (migration & reproduction)
4. Random genetic drift
= evolutionary forces
55
Q

Biogeography

A

the study of the distribution
of species across space (geography) and
time.

56
Q

taxonomy

A

the science of describing and classfying organisms

57
Q

examples of natural selection in human populations

A

Human populations have adapted genetically to recent changes in their
environment (i.e. selection pressures)
• Adaptation to living in high altitudes (Tibetan & Andean populations)
• Arsenic tolerance in Puna Indians (Argentinian Andes)
• Lactose tolerance (lactase persistence) in agricultural communities

58
Q

natural selection define

A

a mechanism for evolutnary change favouring the survival and reprdocution of some organisms over other because of their biological characterstics

59
Q

medicine evolution

A
  • emerging dieases
  • origin of dieases
  • vectos of disease
  • treatment of diease
  • drug development
  • obesity, metabolic sydrome and diabetes
60
Q

conservation biology

A 
Low population numbers
= low
genetic variation of the gene pool
• Endangered populations are
vulnerable to high death rates
due to selective pressures (e.g.
disease)
61
Q

agriculture and horticulture

A
  • applied evolution
  • Humans use evolutionary principles and processes to improve crops
    and animal stocks
62
Q

weeds and feral animals

A
  • dispersal of invasive species

- crop mimicry

63
Q

forensics

A
  • interpreting and analysin DNA evidence

- different populations evolve to have different alleles and different frequencys

64
Q

human behaviour

A

our behaviour share similarties with that of other animals

  • emotions
  • relationships with others especially family
  • parental care
  • mate choice and long term pair bonds
65
Q

evolution essentials

A
  • System of reproduction
  • Inherited variation
  • Differential reproductive success (fitness)
  • Changing environment
  • Selective pressures
66
Q

taxonomy

A

the science of describing and classifiying organisms

67
Q

species

A

a group of populations whose memebers can interbreed naturally and produce fertile offspring

68
Q

genus

A

groups of species with similar adaptation

69
Q

uniformitariansim

A

the obeservation tha the geological processes that operate in the world today also operate in the past (james hutton, Charles Lyall)

70
Q

decent with modification

A

diversity of animals has stemmed from a ancestor and then the ancestor overtime many species evolved (branched) from the one species.

71
Q

genes change over time due to 3 things (evolutunary forces)

A
  • mutation
  • natural selection
  • gene flow
  • random genetic drift.
72
Q

fitness

A

an organisms probability of survival and reproduction

73
Q

evolutanry forces- mutation

A

introduces new alleles into the population. therefore the frequency of alleles will change overtime

74
Q

evolutionary force- genetic drift

A

a mechanism for evolutionary change resulting from random fluctuations of gene frequencies from one generation to the next

75
Q

genetic dift can be influnced by what?

A
  • population size: the larger the population the less change will occur from one generation to the next
76
Q

evoluntary force- gene flow

A

a mechanism for evoluntary change resulting from the movement of genes from one populatio to aother

77
Q

gene flow can be affected by?

A
  • variety of environment
  • cultural factors
  • geographic distance
78
Q

speciation

A

the formation of new species from a parent species

79
Q

steps of speciation

A

1- reproductive isolation
2- genetic divergance
3- adaptive radiation

80
Q

steps of speciation- reproductive isolation

A

is genetic change that can lead to an inability to produce fertile offspring

81
Q

steps of speciation- genetic divergence

A

the evoluntary forces will affect the genetic divergence however once gene flow has been eliminated the other forces will act to make the populations genetically divergent. This process continues until they become sperate species

82
Q

steps of speciation- adaptive radiation

A

the process of speciation results in 2 species, the orginal parent species and the new offspring species. This rapid diversifcation of species is associated with changing environmental conditions

83
Q

gradualism

A

whereby changes occur at a slow, steady rate over time

84
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

long periods of little evolutionary change are followed by relativley short periods of rapid evoluntary change

85
Q

cladogensis

A

the formation of one or more new species from another over time

86
Q

orthogensis

A

evolution will continue in a given direction because of some vaguley defined force

87
Q

anagensis

A

teh transformation of a single species over time

Human Bio 1101 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions