Primates 3

Question 1

what are the three sections of evolution of primates traits socially

Answer 1

moving feeding reproducing

Question 2

explain moving feeding and reproducing

Answer 2

• Moving= related to environment
• Feeding= = optimisation of food acquisition (critical for survival + reproductive success)
• Reproducing= better at reproduction= more successful

Question 3

define behaviour

Answer 3

product of natural selection on ancestral populations resulting in increased adaption to particular habitat

Question 4

are behaviour and anatomical traits linked

Answer 4

Yes

Male/male competition, sexual dimorphism in body size and canine size

Question 5

what determines a social system

Answer 5

food source

Question 6

what does availability and distribution of resources relate to

Answer 6

o Competition
o Grouping
o Social behaviour
o Mating patterns

Question 7

what are the three break downs of a social system

Answer 7

social organisation (composition)
social structure (interactions)
mating systems (who mates wiht who)

Question 8

for survival and fitness, these two things are key

Answer 8

o Find food

o Avoid predators

Question 9

what are 3 costs of group living (sociality)

Answer 9

• inc. competition for resources (food, mates)
• inc. likelihood of disease and parasite transmission
- inc. conspicuousness (predation)

Question 10

what are 2 benefits of group living (sociality)

Answer 10

• Defence of territory/food resources & mates from competitors
• dec. risk of predation

Question 11

what are the three Ds of decrease risk of predation

Answer 11

• Detection
o More eyes to detect predators
• Deterrence
o More individuals to mob or chase predators away
• Dilution
chance that any one individual is the prey of the day when group is larger

Question 12

why do females compete over food and males compete over females

Answer 12

• Reproductive success limited by:

o Females- access to resources
• High metabolic costs associated with gestation and lactation

o Males- access to females

Question 13

diet correlation with body size in primates and why

Answer 13

• Insectivores < frugivores < folivores

- Differences in size= related to differences in energy requirements

Question 14

why are frugivours primates have larger brain than folivorous

Answer 14

need larger brains to remember location and phenological status of fruit trees

Question 15

what are the 3 types of resource distribution

Answer 15

clumped
evenly dispersed
randomly scattered

Question 16

what are the defence state associated with clumped and even distributions

Answer 16

o Clumped: may be defended, territoriality

o Even: difficult to defend, home ranges without defence

Question 17

what is the type of competition when food evenly distributed

Answer 17

Scramble: first come first serve

Question 18

what is the type of competition when food in clumps

Answer 18

contest

Question 19

explain fission-fusion in relation to food dispersion

Answer 19

In unequally dispersed food= Lower competition when splitting

Question 20

Explain influence flows of food avaiblity on grouping patterns

Answer 20

distribution of resources > competitive patterns among fems > distribution of fems
= dispersal patterss. social bonds => distribution of males

Question 21

how does primate dispersion influence bonding patterns

Answer 21

o Sex that stays forms strong bond with those who also stayed

Question 22

why do animals disperse

Answer 22

1. Avoid interbreeding
   Reason for natal dispersal but does not explain secondary dispersal
2. Seeking better resources
   • Plays important role in secondary dispersal
3. Result of intra-sexual competition
   • Does not explain where individuals leave voluntarily

Question 23

what re the 5 primate social organisations

Answer 23

- solitary 
monogamous 
polyandry 
polygyny 
multilevel

Question 24

explain solitary

Answer 24

o Males defend home ranges of home ranges of females

Question 25

explain monogamous

Answer 25

o Females dispersed, males associate permanently with one
o Form families
o Defend territory against neighbouring groups

Question 26

explain polyandry

Answer 26

o Several males associate with one reproductive female

Question 27

twi types of polygyny

Answer 27

One male: harems

Multimale

Question 28

explain one male polygyny

Answer 28

♣ Females clumped in groups, one male able to monopolise access to a group

Question 29

explain multi male polygyny

Answer 29

♣ Females clumped in groups, multiple males associate with them
♣ Often in smaller forging parties

Question 30

what is the relationship between sexual dimorphism and polygyny

Answer 30

• Pronounced body size dimorphism = high levels of male–male competition

Question 31

relationship b/w testis size and mating systems

Answer 31

• Primate species in promiscuous mating systems= larger testes relative to body size than primates in single-male groups

Question 32

what does the male ejacluation volume reflect

Answer 32

• risk of extra-pair copulation (EPC)
  o EPC: mating that take place outside of a monogamous relationship

Functions to maximise probability of conception by swamping any rival sperm