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ant101 > Primate Adaptations and Behavior > Flashcards

Primate Adaptations and Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Primate Characteristics

A 
▪ extant vs extinct
▪ hair
▪ sweat glands, mammary glands
▪ viviparous (live young)
▪ long ontogeny
▪ heterodont
▪ endothermic
▪ larger brain
▪ capacity for learning and behavioral flexibility
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2
Q

Limbs and Locomotion

A

▪ tendency towards erect posture (vertical spine position)
▪ flexible, generalized limb structure (move in trees and ground)
▪ engage in a number of locomotor behaviors
▪ prehensile (grasping) hands and feet, sometimes tails
▪ differ from most mammals
▪ pentadactyly
▪ opposable thumb/big toe
▪ nails
▪ highly innervated tactile pads (nerve) at the end of digits – enhanced sense of touch

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3
Q

prehensile

A

grasping hands and feet, sometimes tails

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4
Q

pentadactyly

A

5 digits on hands and feet

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5
Q

opposable thumb/big toe

A

can touch thumb with other digits

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6
Q

quadrupedal

A

moving on four limbs

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7
Q

bipedal

A

moving on two limbs

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8
Q

arboreal

A

active in the trees

ex. feeding, sleeping, socializing

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9
Q

terrestrial

A

active on the ground; more common in larger species

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10
Q

Vertical clingers and leapers

A

elongated hindlimbs (asks like springs)

ex. some lemurs, tarsiers

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11
Q

brachiation

A

▪ suspension
▪ elongated arms and hands, curved phalanges, cupped hands, extensive arm musculature

ex. gibbons and siamangs

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12
Q

prehensile tail

A

grasping tail that acts like a limb

ex. some New World monkeys from central and south America (howler monkeys)

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13
Q

knucklewalking

A

resting on middle set of phalanges

ex. African apes, gorillas

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14
Q

Dentition and Diet

A

▪ unspecialized teeth/generalized dentition – omnivorous diet
▪ fruit, leaves, gums, seeds, insects, honey, meat

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15
Q

Dental formula

A

▪ # and type of each kind of tooth in each quadrant of the jaw
▪ distinguishes primate groups
▪ #incisors: # canines: # premolars: # molars

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16
Q

Dental morphology

A

▪ size, shape
▪ cusps: bumps on chewing surface of tooth

ex. cats have sharp teeth to eat meat

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17
Q

Senses and the Brain

A

▪ large, complex brains

18
Q

bony protection of the eye

A

post orbital bar → post orbital closure

19
Q

diurnal primates

A

have color vision and are active during the day

20
Q

nocturnal primates

A

have black and white vision and are active at night

21
Q

stereoscopic vision

A

3D depth perception

22
Q

binocular vision

A

forward facing eyes with overlapping visual fields

23
Q

olfaction

A

decreased reliance on the sense of smell

24
Q

maturation

A

▪ more efficient fetal nourishment
▪ longer gestation (pregnancy)
▪ reduced number of offspring, ↑ degree of care (k-selected vs r-selected)
▪ delayed maturation/longer ontogeny and learning period
▪ longer life span

25
Q

life history

A

developmental and reproductive events that occur throughout an individual/species’ lifetime

ex. lifespan, gestation length, number of offspring, etc.

26
Q

learning

A

greater dependence on flexible, learned behavior; social groups and permanent association of adult males

27
Q

behaviour

A

diurnal activity pattern in most species

28
Q

geographic distribution and habitats

A

▪ Tropical/semi-tropical areas of New World (South/Central America, Mexico), Old World (Africa, India, Southeast Asia, Japan)
▪ primates used to be everywhere bc of higher latitudes in the past then now
▪ most are arboreal in forest/woodland habitats

29
Q

Strepsirhines

A

share common primitive behaviour and bio characteristics with earliest mammals and primates in the fossil record

ex. lemurs (Madagascar)
lorises (India, Sri Lanka, SE Asia, Africa)

30
Q

Characteristics of Strepsirhines

A 
▪ usually nocturnal
▪ tapetum lucidum (eye shine)
▪ more olfactory
▪ rhinarium (chemosensory): damp wet nose
▪ usually insectivorous
▪ usually arboreal
▪ quadrupedal
▪ vertical clinging and leaping
▪ often solitary
▪ differences in reproductive apparatus, shorter gestation and maturation
▪ tooth combs
▪ grooming claws
31
Q

lorises/galagos

A

▪ nocturnal
▪ different modes of locomotion
▪ insects, fruits, gums, leaves

32
Q

infant parking

A

cover infants with toxic saliva to protect them from predators

33
Q

Tarsiers

A

▪ Southeast Asia (Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra, Philippines)
▪ small!
▪ enormous eyes: nocturnal, can rotate head 180°
▪ no rhinarium, no toothcomb, no tapetum lucidum
▪ very long hindlimbs and feet: excellent leapers
▪ only living carnivorous/insectivorous today
▪ small group size

34
Q

Platyrrhines: New World Monkeys

A 
▪ Central and South America, Mexico
▪ ~70 species
▪ 12 oz –20 lbs
▪ arboreal
▪ quadrupedal
▪ some with prehensile tails, some semibrachiators
▪ diurnal (except owl monkey)
▪ omnivorous
▪ most live in social groups including both sexes and all age categories
35
Q

Sexual dichromatism

A

colour difference between males and females of a single species

36
Q

Cercopithecoids: Old World Monkeys

A 
▪ Africa, Asia
▪ Wide range of habitats
▪ Most are arboreal
▪ Ischial callosities
▪ Larger body size
▪ Diurnal
▪ Sexual dimorphism/dichromatism
▪ Variably sized social groups;  
▪ Increased complexity
37
Q

Ischial callosities

A

like a pillow that allows them to sit for long periods of time

▪ when female’s are red it indicates they are ready to mate

38
Q

Hylobatids: Gibbons and Siamangs

A

▪ Southeast Asia
▪ highly suspensory - brachiation
▪ omnivorous diet
▪ monogamous pair + offspring

39
Q

Pongines: Orangutans (Pongo)

A 
▪ Borneo and Sumatra
▪ suspensory, quadrumanous climbers, fist walking
▪ frugivorous
▪ extremely sexually dimorphic
▪ solitary
40
Q

Gorillas (Gorilla)

A 
▪ Equatorial Africa
▪ largest of the living primates
▪ primarily terrestrial, knucklewalking
▪ More folivorous/frugivorous
▪ Groups consist of one large silverback male, a few adult females, and their offspring
41
Q

Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

A
  • Equatorial and Western Africa
  • smaller than gorillas, less sexually dimorphic
  • arboreal; terrestrial: knuckle walk, bipedal
  • broad diet: geographic and seasonal variability; hunting!
  • variable group size; complex social behavior
  • More complex tool use: termite and ant sticks, hammerstones
42
Q

Bonobos (Pan paniscus)

A 
▪ Democratic Republic of Congo
▪ chimp-like ... sort of
▪ arboreal
▪ sex
▪ social groups –male/female bonded pairs
▪ diet similar to chimps

ant101 (9 decks)

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