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ant101 > Micro- and Macroevolution > Flashcards

Micro- and Macroevolution Flashcards

1
Q

Robert Hooke (1665)

A

saw “small rooms” in a microscope in cork: cellula

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2
Q

cells

A

▪ smallest living biological structures
▪ basic unit of life
▪ types: prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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3
Q

prokaryotes

A

▪ single celled
▪ ex. bacteria, blue green algae
▪ originated 3.7 billion –4+ billion years ago

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4
Q

eukaryotes

A

▪ multi-celled
▪ ex. plants, birds, mammals, reptiles, etc.
▪ originated 1.2 billion years ago; more complex forms 600 –800 million years ago

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5
Q

Sir. David Attenborough

A

▪ last remaining naturalist

▪ goals is to protect the planet

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6
Q

cells in humans

A

▪ adult: 1 trillion cells
▪ together it functions to allow organism to survive
▪ structural similarities despite outward appearances

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7
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

▪ 3D structure contains: carbohydrates, lipids (fats), nucleic acid, proteins

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8
Q

organelles

A

organ systems/little organs

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9
Q

nucleus

A

control centre of cell; contains DNA and RNA

▪ genetic material important for cell function and survival

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10
Q

mitochondria

A

power plant of cell; contains mtDNA; inherited from mother

▪ numerous
▪ paleoanthropologist use it to evaluate degree to which organisms and fossils are related to each other
▪ determines shared evolutionary relationships

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11
Q

ribosomes

A

create protein within cell

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12
Q

somatic cells

A

▪ tissue cells (ex. hair, skin, muscle, cilia, etc.)
▪ form body of an organism
▪ nonreproductive cells

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13
Q

gametes

A

▪ sperm + egg = zygote
▪ transmit genetic info
▪ sex cells

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14
Q

DNA: The Universal Code

A

▪ deoxyribonucleic acid
▪ contains genetic material that directs function and development
▪ organisms differ in arrangement and regulation of their DNA
▪ main function is to direct protein production (protein synthesis)
▪ 4 chemical bases (A, G, T, C): organization dictates function and development (99% identical to all people)

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15
Q

base pairs

A

▪ DNA bases joining together

▪ only bond with specific bases (thymine + adenine, guanine + cytosine)

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16
Q

nucleotide chain

A

base + sugar + phosphate

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17
Q

double helix

A

spiral of nucleotide chains

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18
Q

DNA replication

A

▪ growth, development and repair requires cells to replicate
▪ enzymes sever bonds between base pairs → bases attract unattached DNA nucleotides within cell nucleus
▪ result is two double-stranded DNA molecules identical and consist of one new and old strand of DNA

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19
Q

proteins

A

▪ main function of DNA is to produce protein (protein synthesis)
▪ give structure (ex. collagen)
▪ bind to molecules (ex. hemoglobin)
▪ enzymes (ex. lactase)
▪ hormones (ex. insulin)
▪ regulatory proteins: bind to DNA, can switch genes on/off

time: 27mins

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20
Q

amino acids

A

building blocks of protein

▪ 20 kinds that allow proteins to differ from one another in number and sequence
▪ DNA specifies amino acid type via order of chemical bases (A, T, C and G) into groups

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21
Q

protein synthesis/formation of new proteins

A

▪ production of protein occurs in ribosomes
▪ ribosomes organize amino acids to form different kinds of proteins
▪ DNA copied into messenger RNA (mRNA) → travels from nucleus to ribosomes
▪ transcription: formation of mRNA
▪ ribosomes use information in mRNA to create new proteins (translation)

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22
Q

genes

A

▪ units of heredity
▪ sequences of DNA bases that specify or identify the order of amino acids for a protein, part of a protein or another functional product
▪ contain info to build and maintain cells
▪ all organisms have genes that correspond to their diff bio traits (hair, eyes, tolerance to certain illnesses, blood type)
▪ control expression, inheritance, evolution of bio traits

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23
Q

genome

A

genetic makeup of an organism

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24
Q

mutation

A

change in sequence of chemical bases

▪ source of new variation in pop
▪ needs to be inherited by the offspring and common

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25
Q

chromosomes

A

▪ strands of DNA found within nucleus
▪ carry info on cell function and heredity
▪ number depends on species (humans have 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs)
▪ humans have 22 pairs of autosomes + 1 pair sex chromosomes –inherit one of each pair from each parent

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26
Q

autosomes

A

carry genetic info for physical characteristics

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27
Q

sex chromosomes

A

▪ biologically female mammals: XX
▪ biologically male mammals: XY
▪ role of sex hormones
▪ genes create sex hormones that influence on the expression of our bio sex (variation and diversity)

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28
Q

locus

A

place/position of gene on chromosome

▪ might be one alt form of a gene

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29
Q

allele

A

alt form of gene

▪ affect the same trait (ex. eye colour)

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30
Q

cell division

A

division of a cell into two daughter cells with the same genetic material

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31
Q

mitosis

A

▪ occurs during growth, aging, injury in somatic cells

▪ produces new cells

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32
Q

meiosis

A

▪ creates sex cells

▪ results in 4 daughter cells each with 23 chromones

33
Q

Gregor Mendel (1822 –1884)

A

▪ Charles Darwin and blended inheritance
▪ Mendel’s experiments on pea plants
▪ offspring are not blended
▪ offspring follow predictable pattern in expression of traits (“factors”/genes); one inherited from each parent
▪ dominant and recessive alleles
▪ experiments successfully showed how heredity occurs in very simple/discrete/mendelian traits

34
Q

phenotype

A

physical expression of the genes controlling for ex. pod colour

35
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup of individuals

36
Q

discrete traits

A

controlled by alleles at single locus

ex. albinism, left chin, hypodontia of lateral incisors, ABO blood group system

table 3.2 in textbook

37
Q

dominant trait conditions

A

occurs if one of the allele is inherited

ex. achondroplasia (dwarfism), Marfan syndrome, Huntington disease

38
Q

recessive trait conditions

A

individual has to inherit it by both parents (if they inherent one of the alleles then they will be a carrier)

ex. cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs disease, Sickle-cell anemia
time: 1:05:45

39
Q

Mendelian traits summary

A

Mendelian traits
▪ influenced by a single genetic locus
▪ traits discrete, less complex
▪ less environmental influence on gene expression
▪ few phenotypes possible (because of discrete traits)

ex. Marfan syndrome

40
Q

Polygenic traits/Non-Mendelian traits

A

▪ influenced by +2 genetic loci
▪ continuous traits, more complex
▪ environmental influence on gene expression possible
▪ many phenotypes possible (because of continuous traits)

ex. skin colour

41
Q

natural selection

A

organisms that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and contribute genetic material to subsequent generations

42
Q

artificial selection

A

humans selectively breed for desirable traits; some are beneficial, others are not

▪ pros: increase change in pop
▪ cons: breeding problems and can’t survive on their own

43
Q

sexual selection

A

selection for features/behaviors associated with mating

ex. male peacock tail attracts females

44
Q

mutation

A

▪ change in order of chemical bases
▪ can also occur in response to environmental conditions or replication error
▪ source of new variation in a pop
▪ must occur in a gamete to be evolutionarily significant
▪ can pos or neg affect organism
▪ only way to produce new genes

45
Q

gene flow

A

▪ transmission, sharing or exchange of genes between pops though interbreeding
▪ important way variation is redistributed among pops
▪ individuals mate in new population, but don’t necessarily stay there

46
Q

genetic drift

A

▪ random, occurs in small pops

▪ alleles become more/less prevalent (ex. Founder Effect)

47
Q

Founder Effect

A

▪ occurs when a small group separates from a diverse population
▪ restricted representation of alleles in founding group due to genetic bottleneck
▪ if breeding is restricted, subsequent generations have low genetic variability–susceptible to extinction
▪ rare alleles can become more common
▪ occurs after colonization of new areas (ex. porphyria)

48
Q

genetic bottleneck

A

reduction in diversity in a founding pop

▪ greatly reduced genetic diversity is bad for the pop bc if the environment changes, they don’t have enough diversity to deal with that change (could lead to mass extinction)

49
Q

evolution from a bio perspective

A

change in allele frequency from one generation to the next

▪ two-step process:

  1. production and distribution of variation
  2. natural selection acting on this variation
50
Q

microevolution

A

change at the microscopic level

51
Q

macroevolution

A

results in formation of new species

52
Q

classification

A

a means to organize biodiversity

53
Q

Linnaean Classification of Humans

A 
Kingdom: Animalia (animals)
Phylum: Chordata (chordates)
Class: Mammalia (mammals)
Order: Primates (primates)
Family: Hominidae (hominids)
Genus: Homo (humans) 
Species: Homo sapiens
54
Q

taxonomic conventions (rules)

A

▪ first letter of genus capitalized (Homo)
▪ species begins with lowercase letter (Homo sapiens)
▪ genus and species are both italicized (Homo sapiens)
▪ genus name may be abbreviated (H. sapiens)

55
Q

Kingdom: Animalia

A 
▪ eukaryotic
▪ motile (can move)
▪ heterotrophic (dependent on 
 other organisms as a food source)
▪ Precambrian period (~610Ma)
56
Q

Phylum: Chordata

A 
▪ notochord: precursor to the spine, rod-like
▪ nerve cord
▪ gill slits
▪ muscles
▪ Cambrian (~540Ma)
57
Q

Subphylum Vertebrata

A 
▪ segmented bony spinal column
▪ jawless and bony fishes, sharks, rays, amphibians, reptiles, 
mammals, birds
▪ segmental spinal column
▪ developed brain, paired sensory structures (balance, sight, 
olfaction: sense of smell)
▪ heads and tails
▪ closed circulatory system
▪ upper Cambrian (~510Ma)
58
Q

Class: Mammalia

A

▪ sweat glands (including mammary glands/production of milk)
▪ hair
▪ auditory ossicles: transmit sound vibrations to inner ear
▪ neocortex: sensory perception, motor function, spatial reasoning, conscious thought and language
▪ longer ontogeny (period of growth and development)
▪ viviparous (live young)
▪ specialized dentition/heterodont
▪ endothermic (regulated body temp)
▪ Jurassic (~199-145Ma)

59
Q

Order: Primates

A

▪ lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, humans
▪ generalized structure (ex. pentadactyly: 5 digits/hands and fingers, ↑ gestation/ontogeny, dentition, limb structure)
▪ binocular stereoscopic vision
▪ opposable thumbs, grasping hands/feet, nails
▪ ~65 Ma

60
Q

binocular stereoscopic vision

A

overlapping fields of view with 3D depth perception

61
Q

Homology (Richard Owen, 1848)

A

▪ similarities between organisms due to descent from a common ancestor
▪ archetype: all vertebrates must have a common structural plan

ex. tetrapod forelimb bone number and form

62
Q

Homologous characters

A

▪ observable part/attribute of an organism
▪ Primitive/ancestral: inherited from an ancient ancestor
▪ derived: changed from the ancestral condition (more recent and useful in identifying descendent lineage)

63
Q

analogy

A

similarity due to common function rather than descent from a common ancestor

ex. bird and incest wings

64
Q

homoplasy

A

process that leads to analogy; separate evolutionary development of similar characteristics in different groups of organisms

65
Q

Evolutionary/Phylogenetic Systematics

A

▪ patterns of ancestor-descendant relationships using analysis of homologous characters
▪ Phylogenetic tree
▪ Time
▪ Divergences

66
Q

Phylogenetic tree

A

depicts order of splitting events when new species are formed

67
Q

Cladistics

A

▪ determines patterns of relatedness using shared derived characters
▪ Cladogram: Monophyletic groups
▪ shows living and fossil organisms together

68
Q

Monophyletic groups

A

members are more closely related to each other than to any species outside the group

69
Q

Similarities of Evolutionary Systematics and Cladistics

A

▪ branching diagrams
▪ patterns of relatedness; constructing classifications to reflect close evolutionary relationships
▪ character analysis (visible traits)
▪ homologous characters (shared from recent common ancestor)

70
Q

Differences of Evolutionary Systematics and Cladistics

A

▪ time (Evolutionary systematics)
▪ ancestor-descendant relationships (Evolutionary systematics) vs fossil and living species analyzed together (Cladistics)

71
Q

Biological Species Concept

A

species is a group of interbreeding or potentially interbreeding organisms that produce fertile offspring and that are reproductively isolated from all other such groups (not defined similar to appearance)

72
Q

Problems with BSC

A

▪ Demonstrating capacity to successfully interbreed
▪ Asexually reproducing species?
▪ Hybrids?
▪ The fossil record

73
Q

fossil

A

physical or trace remains of an organism that once lived

ex. bones, teeth

74
Q

Paleospecies

A

▪ species defined from the fossil record
▪ comparison of past and living species
▪ time (!)
▪ + variation in extinct species

75
Q

Sources of Variation

A

▪ ontogenetic
▪ sexual
▪ inter- and intraspecific
▪ temporal

76
Q

ontogenetic

A

differences in size/shape due to age; children poorly represented in the fossil record

77
Q

sexual

A

sexual dimorphism: differences in size/form between males and females of a single species

ex, proboscis male monkeys have big noses and females have small noses

78
Q

inter- and intraspecific

A

within and between species

79
Q

temporal

A

▪ variation due to time (fossils)
▪ chronospecies: different parts of the same evolving lineage

ex. homo erectus had a long temporal range and lasted over 1 million years (million years ago will look a bit more primitive than homo erectus 1000 years ago)

ant101 (9 decks)

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