Micro- and Macroevolution Flashcards

Question

chromosomes

Answer 1

▪ strands of DNA found within nucleus ▪ carry info on cell function and heredity ▪ number depends on species (humans have 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs) ▪ humans have 22 pairs of autosomes + 1 pair sex chromosomes –inherit one of each pair from each parent

Answer 2

carry genetic info for physical characteristics

Answer 3

▪ biologically female mammals: XX ▪ biologically male mammals: XY ▪ role of sex hormones ▪ genes create sex hormones that influence on the expression of our bio sex (variation and diversity)

Answer 4

place/position of gene on chromosome ▪ might be one alt form of a gene

Answer 5

alt form of gene ▪ affect the same trait (ex. eye colour)

Answer 6

division of a cell into two daughter cells with the same genetic material

Answer 7

▪ occurs during growth, aging, injury in somatic cells | ▪ produces new cells

Answer 8

▪ creates sex cells | ▪ results in 4 daughter cells each with 23 chromones

Answer 9

▪ Charles Darwin and blended inheritance ▪ Mendel’s experiments on pea plants ▪ offspring are not blended ▪ offspring follow predictable pattern in expression of traits (“factors”/genes); one inherited from each parent ▪ dominant and recessive alleles ▪ experiments successfully showed how heredity occurs in very simple/discrete/mendelian traits

Answer 10

physical expression of the genes controlling for ex. pod colour

Answer 11

genetic makeup of individuals

Answer 12

controlled by alleles at single locus ex. albinism, left chin, hypodontia of lateral incisors, ABO blood group system table 3.2 in textbook

Answer 13

occurs if one of the allele is inherited ex. achondroplasia (dwarfism), Marfan syndrome, Huntington disease

Answer 14

individual has to inherit it by both parents (if they inherent one of the alleles then they will be a carrier) ex. cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs disease, Sickle-cell anemia time: 1:05:45

Answer 15

Mendelian traits ▪ influenced by a single genetic locus ▪ traits discrete, less complex ▪ less environmental influence on gene expression ▪ few phenotypes possible (because of discrete traits) ex. Marfan syndrome

Answer 16

▪ influenced by +2 genetic loci ▪ continuous traits, more complex ▪ environmental influence on gene expression possible ▪ many phenotypes possible (because of continuous traits) ex. skin colour

Answer 17

organisms that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and contribute genetic material to subsequent generations

Answer 18

humans selectively breed for desirable traits; some are beneficial, others are not ▪ pros: increase change in pop ▪ cons: breeding problems and can't survive on their own

Answer 19

selection for features/behaviors associated with mating ex. male peacock tail attracts females

Answer 20

▪ change in order of chemical bases ▪ can also occur in response to environmental conditions or replication error ▪ source of new variation in a pop ▪ must occur in a gamete to be evolutionarily significant ▪ can pos or neg affect organism ▪ only way to produce new genes

Answer 21

▪ transmission, sharing or exchange of genes between pops though interbreeding ▪ important way variation is redistributed among pops ▪ individuals mate in new population, but don’t necessarily stay there

Answer 22

▪ random, occurs in small pops | ▪ alleles become more/less prevalent (ex. Founder Effect)

Answer 23

▪ occurs when a small group separates from a diverse population ▪ restricted representation of alleles in founding group due to genetic bottleneck ▪ if breeding is restricted, subsequent generations have low genetic variability–susceptible to extinction ▪ rare alleles can become more common ▪ occurs after colonization of new areas (ex. porphyria)

Answer 24

reduction in diversity in a founding pop ▪ greatly reduced genetic diversity is bad for the pop bc if the environment changes, they don't have enough diversity to deal with that change (could lead to mass extinction)

Answer 25

change in allele frequency from one generation to the next ▪ two-step process: 1. production and distribution of variation 2. natural selection acting on this variation

Answer 26

change at the microscopic level

Answer 27

results in formation of new species

Answer 28

a means to organize biodiversity

Answer 29

``` Kingdom: Animalia (animals) Phylum: Chordata (chordates) Class: Mammalia (mammals) Order: Primates (primates) Family: Hominidae (hominids) Genus: Homo (humans) Species: Homo sapiens ```

Answer 30

▪ first letter of genus capitalized (Homo) ▪ species begins with lowercase letter (Homo sapiens) ▪ genus and species are both italicized (Homo sapiens) ▪ genus name may be abbreviated (H. sapiens)

Answer 31

``` ▪ eukaryotic ▪ motile (can move) ▪ heterotrophic (dependent on other organisms as a food source) ▪ Precambrian period (~610Ma) ```

Answer 32

``` ▪ notochord: precursor to the spine, rod-like ▪ nerve cord ▪ gill slits ▪ muscles ▪ Cambrian (~540Ma) ```

Answer 33

``` ▪ segmented bony spinal column ▪ jawless and bony fishes, sharks, rays, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, birds ▪ segmental spinal column ▪ developed brain, paired sensory structures (balance, sight, olfaction: sense of smell) ▪ heads and tails ▪ closed circulatory system ▪ upper Cambrian (~510Ma) ```

Answer 34

▪ sweat glands (including mammary glands/production of milk) ▪ hair ▪ auditory ossicles: transmit sound vibrations to inner ear ▪ neocortex: sensory perception, motor function, spatial reasoning, conscious thought and language ▪ longer ontogeny (period of growth and development) ▪ viviparous (live young) ▪ specialized dentition/heterodont ▪ endothermic (regulated body temp) ▪ Jurassic (~199-145Ma)

Answer 35

▪ lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, humans ▪ generalized structure (ex. pentadactyly: 5 digits/hands and fingers, ↑ gestation/ontogeny, dentition, limb structure) ▪ binocular stereoscopic vision ▪ opposable thumbs, grasping hands/feet, nails ▪ ~65 Ma

Answer 36

overlapping fields of view with 3D depth perception

Answer 37

▪ similarities between organisms due to descent from a common ancestor ▪ archetype: all vertebrates must have a common structural plan ex. tetrapod forelimb bone number and form

Answer 38

▪ observable part/attribute of an organism ▪ Primitive/ancestral: inherited from an ancient ancestor ▪ derived: changed from the ancestral condition (more recent and useful in identifying descendent lineage)

Answer 39

similarity due to common function rather than descent from a common ancestor ex. bird and incest wings

Answer 40

process that leads to analogy; separate evolutionary development of similar characteristics in different groups of organisms

Answer 41

▪ patterns of ancestor-descendant relationships using analysis of homologous characters ▪ Phylogenetic tree ▪ Time ▪ Divergences

Answer 42

depicts order of splitting events when new species are formed

Answer 43

▪ determines patterns of relatedness using shared derived characters ▪ Cladogram: Monophyletic groups ▪ shows living and fossil organisms together

Answer 44

members are more closely related to each other than to any species outside the group

Answer 45

▪ branching diagrams ▪ patterns of relatedness; constructing classifications to reflect close evolutionary relationships ▪ character analysis (visible traits) ▪ homologous characters (shared from recent common ancestor)

Answer 46

▪ time (Evolutionary systematics) ▪ ancestor-descendant relationships (Evolutionary systematics) vs fossil and living species analyzed together (Cladistics)

Answer 47

species is a group of interbreeding or potentially interbreeding organisms that produce fertile offspring and that are reproductively isolated from all other such groups (not defined similar to appearance)

Answer 48

▪ Demonstrating capacity to successfully interbreed ▪ Asexually reproducing species? ▪ Hybrids? ▪ The fossil record

Answer 49

physical or trace remains of an organism that once lived ex. bones, teeth

Answer 50

▪ species defined from the fossil record ▪ comparison of past and living species ▪ time (!) ▪ + variation in extinct species

Answer 51

▪ ontogenetic ▪ sexual ▪ inter- and intraspecific ▪ temporal

Answer 52

differences in size/shape due to age; children poorly represented in the fossil record

Answer 53

sexual dimorphism: differences in size/form between males and females of a single species ex, proboscis male monkeys have big noses and females have small noses

Answer 54

within and between species

Answer 55

▪ variation due to time (fossils) ▪ chronospecies: different parts of the same evolving lineage ex. homo erectus had a long temporal range and lasted over 1 million years (million years ago will look a bit more primitive than homo erectus 1000 years ago)