Previous Test Essay questions

Question 1

List the characteristics of Life

Answer 1

~Be composed of cells
~Have similar biochemistry
~Metabolize
~Be responsive
~Be capable of reproduction

Question 2

What is a cell

Answer 2

the microscopic units capable of performing all of the body’s functions

Question 3

What is the bodies biochemistry consist of

Answer 3

composed of lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

Question 4

What is metabolism

Answer 4

All the chemical reactions that occur in a body; the breaking down or building up of compounds

Question 5

What is responsiveness

Answer 5

Excitability; the ability to respond to changes in the environment. Hot= sweat, Cold= shiver

Question 6

What is reproduction

Answer 6

making copies of oneself; pass down genes to future generations

Question 7

What problem was the PAP smear checking for

Answer 7

It is used to check for changes in the cells of the vagina or to check for abnormal cells

Question 8

How did someone looking at the PAP smear determine if there was a problem

Answer 8

If the cells became abnormal, they may change shape or size, or if there is an unusual amount of excess cells due to the loss of contact inhibition

Question 9

If a PAP smear comes back positive, it may become deadly because

Answer 9

it means that the cells can be precancerous and may develop into cervical cancer

Question 10

What follow up tests may be performed after a PAP smear

Answer 10

more PAP smears, a colposcopy, or a biopsy

Question 11

List four possible mutagens

Answer 11

~U.V. light radiation
~X-rays
~Chemicals in tobacco
~Chemicals in petroleum based products

Question 12

Explain how proteins are synthesized

Answer 12

1st stage is transcription
2nd stage is processing the mRNA
3rd stage is translation

Question 13

Describe Transcription

Answer 13

the DNA info is encoded into mRNA this occurs in the nucleus

Question 14

Stages of transcription

Answer 14

1) . the section of DNA, with the pattern for the polypeptide, uncoils
2) .the mRNA attaches to the DNA in a complimentary fashion
3) . each set of 3 bases (codon)
4) . After entire section is matched, mRNA detaches

Question 15

explain the processing of the mRNA

Answer 15

~Before mRNA leaves the nucleus, introns seperate from exons and exons are spliced together.
~Exons exit the nucleus which carry the genetic info
~Introns stay in the nucleus, which is the non-informational portion

Question 16

Describe Translation

Answer 16

the info carried by the mRNA is decoded and used to assemble polypeptides; occurs in the cytoplasm

Question 17

Stages of translation

Answer 17

1) Ribosomes attach to mRNA to hold them
2) . Ribosomes then attach the mRNA codon to the correct tRNA anticodon
3) . The amino acids are hooked together and moves on until the whole sequence is hooked and the ribosome releases the finished protein

Question 18

The process of blood cell formation

Answer 18

Hematopoiesis

Question 19

List where hematopoiesis occurs for the different stages of life

Answer 19

1~Yolk sac of an embryo
2~ Liver and spleen of fetus
3~ Red bone marrow of children and adults

Question 20

Define Vascularization

Answer 20

The varying amounts of blood supply a tissue gets

Question 21

Two types of avascular connective tissue

Answer 21

Cartilage and dense regular connective tissue (tendons and ligaments)

Question 22

How does vascularization affect how quickly avascular tissue heal, including why

Answer 22

They heal very slowly because they do not have a direct blood supply that carry the necessary oxygen and nutrients needed to heal tissue

Question 23

What are 6 different parts that can be found in a synovial joint

Answer 23

Synovial Membrane
Articular Cartilage
Joint Capsule
Meniscus
Bursae
Tendon Sheath

Question 24

What does the synovial membrane do

Answer 24

Secretes synovial fluid for lubrication and reduce friction

Question 25

What is the joint capsule of a synovial joint

Answer 25

it is the capsule that holds the join together

Question 26

What is the articular cartilage in regards to a synovial joint

Answer 26

Covers ends of bones where they articulate and cushions them and absorbs compression

Question 27

What is the meniscus of a synovial joint

Answer 27

a disk of fibrocartilage that allows compression

Question 28

what is the purpose of the bursae in a synovial joint

Answer 28

it cushions synovial joints and relieves pressure

Question 29

what is a tendon sheath

Answer 29

and elongated bursa that wraps completely around the tendon

Question 30

What is the relationship between heat stroke and humidty

Answer 30

An increase in humidity can cause heat stroke because the air can only hold a limited amount of water vapor.
If it is very humid, then the air is already holding a high percentage of water vapor
This prevents sweat from evaporating into the atmosphere because there is already enough water vapor in the air.
If the sweat does not evaporate, then the body will not cool off so the internal body temperature will rise.
This increases metabolic reactions in the body which increase body temperature even more leading to heat stroke.
This can lead to organ damage and even death.

Question 31

What is the Reticular Formation

Answer 31

Clusters of neurons in the mid-brain, pons, and medulla oblongota

Question 32

What does the Reticular Formation do

Answer 32

~Filters incoming sensory impusles

~arouses the individual when significant impulses are received

Question 33

How can the Reticular Formation differbetween people

Answer 33

~it arouses the individual when significant impulses are recieved
~It can differ because the definition of a significant impulse is different among people so some people will wake up to certain things while others will sleep through it

Question 34

What does EPSPs and IPSPs stand for

Answer 34

Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potentials

Inhibatory Post-Synaptic Potentials

Question 35

Compare EPSPs and IPSPs and tell how they are similar

Answer 35

Both have neurotransmitters that cause a polarization that opens some kind of ion channel.

Question 36

What is the main difference between EPSPs and IPSPs

Answer 36

ESPSs use neurotransmitters to initate action potentials by depolarizing and opening sodium-ion channels
IPSPs initiate action potentials by hyperpolarizing and opening the potassium-ion channels

Question 37

List 5 muscles, their joints, and joint movments

Answer 37

1) . Deltoid= shoulder joint= abduction of the arm
2) . Biceps Brachii= Elbow joint between ulna and humerus=flexion of arms
3) . Right sternocleidomastoid= atlanto-occipital joint= rotation of head to the right
4) . Digastric= temporomandibular joint= depression of mandible
5) . Masseter= temporomandibular joint= elevation of the mandible

Question 38

Steps of muscle contraction

Answer 38

1) Motor Neuron releases acetylcholine which activates motor end plate by binding to and opening sodium gates
2) . this allows sodium to enter cell and causes depolarization, causing an action potential.
3) . Depolarization of adjacent sarcolemma allows action potential to spread down muscle fiber
4) . AP travel deep into muscle fiber by transverse tubules.
5) . AP causes triad region of sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium
6) . Calcium binds to troponin and moves tropomyosin so actin and myosin filaments can link
7) . A cross bridge is formed with head of myosin filament to the actin filament and the myosin filament performs several powerstrokes to pull actin filament to the center of the sarcomer
8) . using ATP the myosin filament detaches from the actin to recock and perform another powerstroke until muscle is contracted