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Principals > Pressure > Flashcards

Pressure Flashcards

1
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

Gravity pulling down the atoms and molecules stack around us

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2
Q

How is pressure measured?

A

Force per unit

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3
Q

What is “ideal gas laws?”

A

An understanding of the predictable behavior of gases under ideal conditions

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4
Q

What happens to pressure in a frozen “empty” bottle?

A

Pressure rises and volume drops

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5
Q

Is temperature and volume inversely proportional or directly proportional?

A

Inversely proportional

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6
Q

Jacques Alexandre Cesar Charles formula?

A

T=K*V
Temp in kelvin

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7
Q

If temperature goes up what happens to pressure?

A

It will rise as well

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8
Q

What does Boyles law assume?

A

Temperature is consistent

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9
Q

Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac law?

A

P=K*T

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10
Q

Is temperature and pressure directly proportional?

A

Yes

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11
Q

Carlo Avogadro law?

A

V/n= k

N= number of molecules

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12
Q

1 mole of gas occupies as much volume as any other mole of gas as long as?

A

Pressure and temp are held constant

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13
Q

What does STPD stand for?

A

Standard, Temperature, and Pressure Dry

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14
Q

Elements and measurements of “STPD?”

A

0 degrees Celsius
760mmHg
Ideal molar volume- 22.4L

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15
Q

Ideal molar volume for any gas?

A

22.4L

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16
Q

What is the point of the ideal molar volume?

A

A standard point from which to calculate density of a gas

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17
Q

Where does pressure come from?

A

Gas has:
mass
Takes up space
Compressible and expandable
Influenced by temp
Exerts pressure

Mass, volume, temperature all influence pressure

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18
Q

Combined ideal gas law?

A

P= nRT/V

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19
Q

What is the #1 mechanism of hypoxemia?

A

Low inhaled partial pressure of O2

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20
Q

Relationship between temperature and volume that follows Charles law?

A

They are directly related

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21
Q

Describe relationship between pressure and temperature that follows Gat-Lu’s sac law?

A

They are directly proportional

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22
Q

The relationship between gas and volume following Avogadro law?

A

Directly proportional

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23
Q

Percentage of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and oxygen in the atmosphere?

A

N2-78%
O2-21%
CO2-0.03%

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24
Q

What happen to pressure, volume, and temperature if either changes?

A

Temp⬆️

pressure ⬆️

volume ⬇️

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25
Q

Combined ideal gas law for change in a closed system formula?

A

P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2

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26
Q

Do gases separate from heavy to light?

A

No, they exert their pressure equally

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27
Q

Does FiO2 change in altitudes?

A

No, partial pressure of the gases changes

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28
Q

Define critical temperature?

A

The temperature when liquid cannot resist becoming gas

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29
Q

Critical temperature vs. boiling point?

A

Boiling point can rise and fall given different atmospheric pressure

Critical temperature is stable

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30
Q

Critical temperature of O2?

A

-183 Celsius

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31
Q

Critical temperature of nitrogen?

A

-147.1 Celsius

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32
Q

Critical temperature of water?

A

374 Celsius

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33
Q

Why is nitrogen and O2 true gases?

A

They stand above their critical temperature

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34
Q

Why isn’t water a true gas?

A

Water stands above it’s critical temperature

Gaseous form is vapor and compressed becomes liquid water

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35
Q

What is “molecular” humidity?

A

Water vapor

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36
Q

What is “particulate” humility?

A

Mist, fog, aerosol (tiny droplets suspended in air)

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37
Q

What is boiling point?

A

Temperature When vapor pressure of liquid exceeds atmospheric pressure

(Interplay between temperature and atmospheric pressure)

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38
Q

Explain boiling?

A

Atmospheric pressure pushes down on water surface

As the temperature rises, it creates more kinetic energy which weakens bonds and leads to water releasing vaporization breaking through

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39
Q

Two methods of conversion from liquid to gas?

A

Boiling and evaporation

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40
Q

Two forces that influence evaporation?

A

Saturation

Heat

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41
Q

What happens to the H2O capacity when temp drops?

A

Water Capacity drops
relative humidity rises
Absolute humidity drops

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42
Q

Formula for relative humidity?

A

Humidity content/ humidity capacity

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43
Q

Three quantifying measures for water content in the air?

A

Absolute humidity
Relative humidity
Partial pressure

44
Q

Define absolute humidity?

A

The total weight of humidity in the air

45
Q

Define relative humidity

A

The weight of water vapor in the air relative to how much the air can hold

46
Q

How does a closed system create equilibrium?

A

Air becomes so saturated that molecules exchange.

47
Q

From Fahrenheit to Celsius?

A

F - 32/1.8

48
Q

Define BTPS?

A

Ideal qualities of water when it reaches Isothermic Saturation Boundary

Body temperature= 37C

Pressure= ATM

Saturation= carrying water caper at full potential for temperature

49
Q

What is the weight associated with BTPS conditions

A

Air needs 43.8mgH2O/L to be saturated

50
Q

What is a humidity deficit?

A

The difference between the what content in the atmosphere and how much we need in the respiratory tract in mgH2O/L

51
Q

Define dew point?

A

When the air reaches 100 percent saturation and has to release water

Can occur in ventilators when temperature drops in tubing

52
Q

Why is water pressure hard to calculate?

A

It has high variability because it come and goes

53
Q

Conditions for STPD

A

0 Celsius
760mmHg
0% RH

54
Q

Conditions for ATPD

A

? Celsius

? mmHg

0% RH

55
Q

Conditions for ATPS?

A

? Celsius

? mmHg

100% RH

56
Q

Second mechanism of hypoxemia?

A

Hypercarbia/hypoventilation

57
Q

Mechanism of hypoxemia

A

Diffusion defect (thickness of membrane)
Low inhaled partial pressure of O2
Hypoventilation

58
Q

How is the concentration of O2 diffused into blood determined by two factors of Henry’s law?

A

Concentration of O2 in blood at STPD

Pressure of O2 in gas

59
Q

Four elements of Fick’s law that influence volume of gas diffusion?

A

Thickness of membrane
Surface area
Pressure gradient
Volume of gas diffusing across membrane

60
Q

Why is CO2 19x more soluble than O2?

A

A larger solubility coefficient
A large carrying capacity in blood

61
Q

Why does pascal’s principle not explain pressure in fluid bubbles of different sizes?

A

It assumes consistent volume

Also, it doesn’t account for the opposing pressure of surface tension.

smaller alveoli receive less flow than larger alveoli

62
Q

According to LaPlace’s law, distending pressure and surface tension are? (Proportional)

A

Directly proportional

63
Q

According to LaPlace’s law, distending pressure and radius are? (Proportional)

A

Inversely proportional

64
Q

Explain how the result of Laplace law would be the flow of gas from small to large alveoli and eventually atelectasis?

A

Because the smaller alveoli have more pressure, the gases would flow to the larger alveoli.

With a smaller radius, the alveoli would have more surface tension and collapsing pressure

65
Q

Example of hydrostatic pressure in the body?

A

Blood Pressure

66
Q

What is hydrostatic and osmotic pressures use in the body?

A

A force that drives blood forward yet holds it in the vessel

67
Q

What is semi-permeability?

A

A membrane permeable to solvents but not solutes

68
Q

Where does fluid go if sodium is high outside of the cell?

A

Fluid leaves cells (hypertonic)

69
Q

Role of oncotic pressure in the cell?

A

Hold fluid in the cell

70
Q

Frank-Starlings formula

A

J=k(Pc-Pi)-a(pi(c)-pi(i))

71
Q

What does “a” represent in the Franks-Starling formula?

A

Ability hold protein (Albumin)

72
Q

What does pi represent in the Frank-Starling formula?

A

Oncotic

73
Q

What does “J” represent in the Frank-Starling formula?

A

Constant

74
Q

What does “K” represent in the Frank-Starling formula?

A

How tight

75
Q

Process by which pressure is generated by solvents moving across a semi-permeable membrane?

A

Osmotic pressure moves the solvent against atmospheric pressure and gravity to equal solute to solvent concentrations.

76
Q

Describe the “proof” that pressure in semi-permeable membrane has been made?

A

When the solutes in the U-tube rise against hydrostatic pressure and gravity

77
Q

Explain three key physiological derangement’s using Starlings Law?

A

Elevated P(c): pulmonary edema (transudative)

Pi(c): low Albumin levels causing fluid in interstitial space

Pi(I): high levels of proteins in the interstitium or alveoli can cause fluid accumulation

78
Q

Inflammable medical gases?

A

Gases that are flammable are not generally used for medical purposes

79
Q

Safety factors to assess for gases?

A

Does it support life?
Is it combustible?
Is it flammable?

80
Q

What is relative density?

A

Density of gas relative to air

81
Q

Volume of one mole of ideal gas at STPD?

A

22.4L

82
Q

The importance of density to RTs?

A

Less dense gases for severe obstructive or restrictive AWs

83
Q

How do you calculate density using molar volume?

A

Gram weight/22.4L

84
Q

Why is solubility of importance to us?

A

Level of solubility tells us the ease at which the gas will dissolve into the capillaries

85
Q

What is critical pressure?

A

Pressure required to keep a substance liquid at critical temperature

86
Q

Physical qualities of air detectable by human senses?

A

Odorless
Colorless
Transparent
Tasteless

87
Q

Safety profile of air?

A

Non-flammable
Supports combustion
Supports life

88
Q

Two big uses of medical air

A

To drive respiratory devices

To blend with oxygen to achieve a desired FiO2

89
Q

Basic physical qualities of oxygen detectable by human senses?

A

Odorless
Colorless
Transparent
Tasteless

90
Q

Safety profile of oxygen?

A

Non-flammable
Supports combustion
Supports life

91
Q

Average partial pressure of oxygen at 760mmHg in (air, ISB, alveoli, arteries, tissue)

A

In air: 160mmHg

At ISB:150mmHg

In alveoli: 100-110mmHg

In arteries: 80-100mmHg

In the tissue: 10mmHg

92
Q

How much seawater equals 1 atmosphere?

A

33ft of water

93
Q

Four indications for hyperbaric therapy?

A

Rapid decrease in partial pressure of nitrogen (the bends)

Wound healing

Carbon monoxide toxicity

Air embolism

94
Q

Factor by which hemoglobin has increased affinity to carbon monoxide?

A

Structural fires
Indoor charcoal fire
Automobile exhaust

250x

95
Q

Name two ways that hyperbaric O2 therapy treat CO?

A

Floods system and dissolving in blood

Shortening half life

96
Q

Wounding healing challenge that could respond to hyperbaric O2 therapy?

A

Non-healing wounds due to anaerobic bacteria

97
Q

How does hyperbaric O2 therapy treat wound healing?

A

Flooding body with O2 can kill bacterium

98
Q

How does hyperbaric therapy treat bends?

A

By raising the pressure, you can gradually lower it to reverse “the bends.”

99
Q

Name the two ways we get oxygen?

A

Fractional distillation

Molecular filtration

100
Q

What is molecular filtration?

A

A vacuum draws air into a cylinder with crystallized zeolites

Zeolites absorb nitrogen resulting in a lot of oxygen

Afterwards decompressed zeolites release nitrogen to be used again

101
Q

Describe fractional distillation

A

oxygen under pressure limiting kinetic energy drops temperature causing condensation and turning liquid

102
Q

Percent of saline in blood

A

0.9% 135-145

103
Q

Does oncotic pressure change?

A

No
As hydrostatic pressure decreases, it becomes more influential

104
Q

Laplace’s Law for a Sphere?

A

P= 2T/r

105
Q

What is the body’s water capacity?

A

43.8

Principals (15 decks)

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