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Principals > Flow > Flashcards

Flow Flashcards

1
Q

Describe conservation of energy

A

Total energy in a system remains constant
(No net gain or loss)

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2
Q

Two examples of energy changing forms while still preserving overall sum of energy?

A

Potential energy
Kinetic energy

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3
Q

Define flow

A

Movement of a specific volume of fluid in a specific period of time

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4
Q

Measurements of flow on ventilator

A

L/minutes

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5
Q

Units of measurement used for respiration

A

L/second

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6
Q

Differentiate between flow and velocity

A

Flow: how much volume moves over time
(Gallons per second)

Velocity: how far something travels in time
(Miles per hour)

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7
Q

Explain the principle of continuity for flow

A

The same mass of flow that enters must exist

Velocity changes with changes in tube side

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8
Q

How is velocity and cross-sectional area/ diameter related

A

Inversely related

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9
Q

What happens to velocity if it is equally exerted amongst multiple tubes

A

The velocity is equally dispersed though out each tube and overall lower

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10
Q

Define Bernoulli law

A

In a steady flow the sum of all forms of energy in fluid is the same throughout the path of flow

(Velocity and lateral wall pressure are inversely proportional)

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11
Q

How are velocity and lateral wall pressure proportional

A

(Velocity and lateral wall pressure are inversely proportional

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12
Q

What happens to pressure in states of high velocity

A

Pressure decreases to conserve the level of energy

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13
Q

What is the lateral pressure in the conducting airways

A

Lateral pressure is high

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14
Q

What happens to flow in the smaller airways

A

It slows down/ low velocity

Lateral pressure is consistent throughout

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15
Q

In low velocity: kinetic energy and pressure

A

Kinetic energy is low

Pressure is high

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16
Q

In high velocity: kinetic energy and pressure

A

Kinetic energy is high
Pressure is low

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17
Q

What happens to flow during exhalation

A

Lateral pressure is higher
Velocity is low

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18
Q

What kind of flow is low velocity tubes

A

Laminar

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19
Q

Inhalation creates what type of pressure to help open airways

A

Negative

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20
Q

Exhalation creates what type of pressure in the airways

A

Positive

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21
Q

What is the problem with Bernoulli’s principal

A

Ideal rather than real positions

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22
Q

Where is viscosity higher in a tube

A

Gasses furthest from the wall

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23
Q

Where does gases move slower

A

Closet to the wall due to friction

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24
Q

Where does gas have the most velocity

A

Velocity is highest in the center

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25
Q

Define driving pressure

A

The pressure required to drive flow proportional to viscosity

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26
Q

Define Reynold Number

A

A calculation of turbulence

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27
Q

What are the three forces calculated to produce (inertial force) Reynolds’s number

A

V= velocity
R= radius
P= density

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28
Q

Reynolds’s number that denotes laminar flow

A

<2,000

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29
Q

Reynolds’s number that denotes transitional flow

A

2,000-3,000

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30
Q

Reynolds’s number that denotes turbulent flow

A

> 3,000

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31
Q

What requires more pressure between laminar and turbulent flow

A

Turbulent flow requires significantly more pressure

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32
Q

Explain how the radius of a tube affects the driving pressure?

A

Smallest narrowing of radius increases driving pressure significantly

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33
Q

Relationship between flow and radius

A

Flow is directly proportional to radius to the fourth

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34
Q

Why are patients with emphysema at risk of airway collapse

A

Normal airways have enough structure to not succumb to positive pressure

35
Q

Explain the vulnerability of airways to collapse on exhalation in COPD based on alveolar pressure and air trapping

A

There is more driving pressure leading to less lateral pressure holding airway walls of.

36
Q

What prompts electrical voltage to move

A

Moves from high voltage to low voltage

37
Q

Two ways to increase flow with ventri

A

Smaller jet
Larger port

38
Q

Write out Ohm’s law

A

Resistance= voltage/current

Ohms =V/A (amps)

Current= voltage/resistance

39
Q

What is the potential energy of electricity

A

Voltage

40
Q

What must electricity overcome to become flow

A

Resistance

41
Q

An example of a low resistance material for electricity

A

Copper wire

42
Q

An example of a high resistance material for electricity

A

Rubber tubing.

43
Q

What is resistance measured in

A

Ohms

44
Q

What is current measured in

A

Amperes

45
Q

How is current and resistance related

A

Inversely

46
Q

How is current voltage related

A

Directly proportional

47
Q

Electricity flows from hot to the neutral. What happens if the wiring is faulty?

A

Excess Current flows to low resistance ground

48
Q

Effects of a electrical shock below 1 milliamp

A

Generally not perceptible

49
Q

Effects of a electrical shock of 1 milliamp

A

Faint tingle

50
Q

Effects of electrical currents of 5 milliamps

A

Slight shock

Not painful

Average individuals can let go

Strong involuntary reactions can lead to injuries

51
Q

Effects of electrical currents to women of 6-25 milliamps

A

Painful shock
Loss of muscle control

52
Q

Effects of electrical currents of 9 to 30 milliamps to men

A

Freezing current or “let go” range

If extensor muscles are stimulated a person might be thrown back

Individuals can’t let go

53
Q

Effects of 50-150 milliamps

A

Extreme pain
Respiratory arrest
Severe muscle reaction
Death is possible

54
Q

Effects of 1- 4.3 Amps

A

Rhythmic pumping of the heart ceases

55
Q

Effects of 10 amps

A

Cardiac arrest
Severe burns
Death is probable

56
Q

At what voltes is the skin broken and tissue exposed

A

500 volts

Always examine under the skin

57
Q

Skin offers variable resistance. What factors influence electrical current

A

How clean
Chemistry of the skin
How damp

58
Q

How does the ground-fault circuit interrupter outlet provide electrical safety

A

Monitors return of current in neutral wire

If GFCI detects drop in return it cuts off outgoing flow

59
Q

How do you test GFCI test

A

Press “re-set”

Plug in device and see it receive power

Press “test”

Power to device should shut off

60
Q

What does GFCI stand for

A

Ground
Fault
Circuit
Interrupter

61
Q

Who in the hospital checks the devices form home for electrical safety

A

Respiratory therapist

62
Q

What does “PASS” stand for

A

Pull
Aim
Squeeze
Sweep

63
Q

What does “RACE” stand for

A

Rescue
Alarm
Contain
Extinguish

64
Q

What device measures flow in a ventilator

A

Pneumotachometer

65
Q

What is voltage synonyms with

A

Pressure

66
Q

Formula for flow

A

Pressure change (p1-p2)/resistance

67
Q

What units are used for flow

A

L/time

68
Q

What is the potential energy of electricity

A

Voltage

69
Q

What does electricity need to do to flow

A

Overcome resistance

70
Q

What is resistance measured in

A

Ohms

71
Q

How do you calculate amps

A

A=V/ohms/resistance

72
Q

How is voltage and resistance proportional

A

Directly

73
Q

Flow resistance unit for ventilator

A

CmH2O/L/sec

74
Q

Formula for compliance

A

Change in V/change in P

75
Q

What is the static compliance

A

P(E)

No flow or resistance

76
Q

What pressure is the dotted line

A

Pressure in the alveoli

77
Q

What is dynamic compliance

A

Calculation drawn from PIP rather than peak alveolar pressure

(Total work of delivery)

78
Q

Formula for dynamic compliance

A

P(E)+P(R)

79
Q

What is Plateau pressure

A

A measurement of Aw pressure

Taken after breath during pause

Under “0” flow

Before exhalation

80
Q

What does the hysteresis curve represent

A

The lag in volume response to the changes in Aw pressure Taken after

81
Q

What does the Pawo stand for

A

Pressure at the Aw opening
(Pressure at Aw)

82
Q

What does the Pta stand for

A

TransAw pressure

83
Q

What does crosshatche represent

A

Aw resistance

Principals (16 decks)

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