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Flow Flashcards

1
Q

Describe conservation of energy

A

Total energy in a system remains constant
(No net gain or loss)

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2
Q

Two examples of energy changing forms while still preserving overall sum of energy?

A

Potential energy
Kinetic energy

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3
Q

Define flow

A

Movement of a specific volume of fluid in a specific period of time

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4
Q

Measurements of flow on ventilator

A

L/minutes

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5
Q

Units of measurement used for respiration

A

L/second

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6
Q

Differentiate between flow and velocity

A

Flow: how much volume moves over time
(Gallons per second)

Velocity: how far something travels in time
(Miles per hour)

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7
Q

Explain the principle of continuity for flow

A

The same mass of flow that enters must exist

Velocity changes with changes in tube side

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8
Q

How is velocity and cross-sectional area/ diameter related

A

Inversely related

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9
Q

What happens to velocity if it is equally exerted amongst multiple tubes

A

The velocity is equally dispersed though out each tube and overall lower

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10
Q

Define Bernoulli law

A

In a steady flow the sum of all forms of energy in fluid is the same throughout the path of flow

(Velocity and lateral wall pressure are inversely proportional)

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11
Q

How are velocity and lateral wall pressure proportional

A

(Velocity and lateral wall pressure are inversely proportional

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12
Q

What happens to pressure in states of high velocity

A

Pressure decreases to conserve the level of energy

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13
Q

What is the lateral pressure in the conducting airways

A

Lateral pressure is high

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14
Q

What happens to flow in the smaller airways

A

It slows down/ low velocity

Lateral pressure is consistent throughout

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15
Q

In low velocity: kinetic energy and pressure

A

Kinetic energy is low

Pressure is high

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16
Q

In high velocity: kinetic energy and pressure

A

Kinetic energy is high
Pressure is low

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17
Q

What happens to flow during exhalation

A

Lateral pressure is higher
Velocity is low

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18
Q

What kind of flow is low velocity tubes

A

Laminar

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19
Q

Inhalation creates what type of pressure to help open airways

A

Negative

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20
Q

Exhalation creates what type of pressure in the airways

A

Positive

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21
Q

What is the problem with Bernoulli’s principal

A

Ideal rather than real positions

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22
Q

Where is viscosity higher in a tube

A

Gasses furthest from the wall

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23
Q

Where does gases move slower

A

Closet to the wall due to friction

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24
Q

Where does gas have the most velocity

A

Velocity is highest in the center

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25
Define driving pressure
The pressure required to drive flow proportional to viscosity
26
Define Reynold Number
A calculation of turbulence
27
What are the three forces calculated to produce (inertial force) Reynolds’s number
V= velocity R= radius P= density
28
Reynolds’s number that denotes laminar flow
<2,000
29
Reynolds’s number that denotes transitional flow
2,000-3,000
30
Reynolds’s number that denotes turbulent flow
>3,000
31
What requires more pressure between laminar and turbulent flow
Turbulent flow requires significantly more pressure
32
Explain how the radius of a tube affects the driving pressure?
Smallest narrowing of radius increases driving pressure significantly
33
Relationship between flow and radius
Flow is directly proportional to radius to the fourth
34
Why are patients with emphysema at risk of airway collapse
Normal airways have enough structure to not succumb to positive pressure
35
Explain the vulnerability of airways to collapse on exhalation in COPD based on alveolar pressure and air trapping
There is more driving pressure leading to less lateral pressure holding airway walls of.
36
What prompts electrical voltage to move
Moves from high voltage to low voltage
37
Two ways to increase flow with ventri
Smaller jet Larger port
38
Write out Ohm’s law
Resistance= voltage/current Ohms =V/A (amps) Current= voltage/resistance
39
What is the potential energy of electricity
Voltage
40
What must electricity overcome to become flow
Resistance
41
An example of a low resistance material for electricity
Copper wire
42
An example of a high resistance material for electricity
Rubber tubing.
43
What is resistance measured in
Ohms
44
What is current measured in
Amperes
45
How is current and resistance related
Inversely
46
How is current voltage related
Directly proportional
47
Electricity flows from hot to the neutral. What happens if the wiring is faulty?
Excess Current flows to low resistance ground
48
Effects of a electrical shock below 1 milliamp
Generally not perceptible
49
Effects of a electrical shock of 1 milliamp
Faint tingle
50
Effects of electrical currents of 5 milliamps
Slight shock Not painful Average individuals can let go Strong involuntary reactions can lead to injuries
51
Effects of electrical currents to women of 6-25 milliamps
Painful shock Loss of muscle control
52
Effects of electrical currents of 9 to 30 milliamps to men
Freezing current or “let go” range If extensor muscles are stimulated a person might be thrown back Individuals can’t let go
53
Effects of 50-150 milliamps
Extreme pain Respiratory arrest Severe muscle reaction Death is possible
54
Effects of 1- 4.3 Amps
Rhythmic pumping of the heart ceases
55
Effects of 10 amps
Cardiac arrest Severe burns Death is probable
56
At what voltes is the skin broken and tissue exposed
500 volts Always examine under the skin
57
Skin offers variable resistance. What factors influence electrical current
How clean Chemistry of the skin How damp
58
How does the ground-fault circuit interrupter outlet provide electrical safety
Monitors return of current in neutral wire If GFCI detects drop in return it cuts off outgoing flow
59
How do you test GFCI test
Press “re-set” Plug in device and see it receive power Press “test” Power to device should shut off
60
What does GFCI stand for
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter
61
Who in the hospital checks the devices form home for electrical safety
Respiratory therapist
62
What does “PASS” stand for
Pull Aim Squeeze Sweep
63
What does “RACE” stand for
Rescue Alarm Contain Extinguish
64
What device measures flow in a ventilator
Pneumotachometer
65
What is voltage synonyms with
Pressure
66
Formula for flow
Pressure change (p1-p2)/resistance
67
What units are used for flow
L/time
68
What is the potential energy of electricity
Voltage
69
What does electricity need to do to flow
Overcome resistance
70
What is resistance measured in
Ohms
71
How do you calculate amps
A=V/ohms/resistance
72
How is voltage and resistance proportional
Directly
73
Flow resistance unit for ventilator
CmH2O/L/sec
74
Formula for compliance
Change in V/change in P
75
What is the static compliance
P(E) No flow or resistance
76
What pressure is the dotted line
Pressure in the alveoli
77
What is dynamic compliance
Calculation drawn from PIP rather than peak alveolar pressure (Total work of delivery)
78
Formula for dynamic compliance
P(E)+P(R)
79
What is Plateau pressure
A measurement of Aw pressure Taken after breath during pause Under “0” flow Before exhalation
80
What does the hysteresis curve represent
The lag in volume response to the changes in Aw pressure Taken after
81
What does the Pawo stand for
Pressure at the Aw opening (Pressure at Aw)
82
What does the Pta stand for
TransAw pressure
83
What does crosshatche represent
Aw resistance

Principals (16 decks)

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