Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Breathlessness > Presentations > Flashcards

Presentations Flashcards

1
Q

List the categories of acute dyspnoea causes

A
  • Upper airway obstruction
  • Lower airway disease
  • Parenchymal lung disease
  • Non specific resp causes
  • Cardio causes
  • Metabolic acidosis
  • Anxiety
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List parenchymal lung diseases that can cause acute breathlessness

A
  • Pneumonia
  • Lobar collapse
  • ARDS: acute resp distress syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the symptoms of pneumonia? (8)

A
  • Cough
  • Wheeze
  • Green productive sputum
  • Pleuritic chest pain (towards bottom of lung)
  • Sepsis: sweats, fevers
  • SOB
  • Worse lying down
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pneumonia signs (7)

A
  • Tachypnoea
  • Intercostal muscle movement
  • Wheeze
  • Dull percussion
  • Bronchial breathing
  • Coarse crackles
  • Raised CRP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the complications of pneumonia? (3)

A
  • Pleural effusion
  • Empyema: pus in cavity
  • Pulmonary cavity
  • Recurrence if patient immunocompromised/partially treated first infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the symptoms of a progression to an empyema/pulmonary cavity?

A

H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is a diagnosis of puenmonia made?

A

On chest x ray NOT just signs and symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the duration of pneumonia symptoms without further complications?

A

Short hours to a few days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Lobar collapse (3)

A

Not obvious

  • Difficulty breathing/rapid and shallow
  • Wheeze
  • Cough
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

List non specific resp conditions that can cause acute dyspnoea (4)

A
  • Pneumothorax (simple/tension)
  • Pleural effusion
  • PE
  • Acute chest wall injury
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the most common conditions that can progress to a pleural effusion? (3)

A
  • Heart failure
  • Pneumonia (paraneumonic effusion/pleural infection)
  • Malignancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the signs of a progression to a pleural effusion on the affected side?

A
  • Reduced chest expansion
  • Mediastinal displacement
  • Stony dull percussion
  • Reduced/absent breath sounds
  • Reduced/absent vocal resonance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When are the signs of a pleural effusion present?

A

When greater than 500 ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the symptoms of a simple puenmothorax? (4)

A
  • At rest and sudden onset
  • Pleuritic chest pain on 1 side
  • SOB
  • Proportionate to size and stable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How are the symptoms and signs of a tension puenmothorax different to simple? (5)

A
  • Worsening signs and symptoms
  • Unstable haemodynamically: hypotensive/tachycardic/high resp rate
  • Tracheal deviation from side of PTX
  • More obvious lung collapse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What can a tension puemonothorax progress to?

A

Cardiac arrest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the signs of a simple puenmothorax? (7)

A
  • No tracheal deviation
  • Subtle lung collapse = decreased peripheral lung markings CXray
  • Sats normal
  • Unilateral hyperresonant
  • Unilateral stony dull percussion
  • Unilateral
    reduced/no breath sounds
  • Unilateral reduced vocal resonace
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

List the resp causes of chronic dyspnoea

A
  • Asthma
  • COPD
  • Lung cancer
  • ILD (interstitial lung diseases) e.g sarcoidosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, extrinsic allergic alveolitis/pneumocitosis
  • Pleural effusion
  • Chronic pulmonary thromboembolism
  • Bronchiectasis
  • Cystic fibrosis
  • Pulmonary hypertension (primary/secondary)
  • Pulmonary vasculitis
  • TB
  • Laryngeal/tracheal stenosis - extrinsic compression/malignancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the symptoms of asthma? (11)

A
  • Wheezing
  • Cough
  • Periodic dyspnoea
  • Tachypnoea
  • Chest tightness
  • Recurrent
  • Episodic
  • Diurnal (worse at night/in early morning)
  • Triggered by: cold, exercise, viruses, allergens, medications
  • Atrophy family history
  • Recorded episode
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the triggers for asthma? (5)

A
  • Cold
  • Exercise
  • Viruses
  • Allergens
  • Medications (betablockers/ NSAIDs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Give examples of medications that trigger asthma (2)

A
  • Betablockers

- NSAIDs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the signs of asthma?

A
  • Obstructive lung disease PFTs on spirometer
  • NO levels raised
  • 15% improvement in FEV1 or PEF following the inhalation of a bronchodilator
  • Expiratory wheeze
  • Silent chest=serious
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the presentation of acute asthma? (2)

A
  • Worsening of normal symptoms (e.g wheeze/dyspnoea)

- Recorded episode: wheeze/variable PEFR/FEV1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does atopic asthma present? (2)

A
  • Triggered by environmental agent

- Skin test: wheal and flare reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How does occupational asthma present? (2)

A

Adult onset asthma with worse at work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the symptoms of COPD? (5)

A
  • Progressive dyspnoea, persistent
  • Worsens with exercise
  • Chronic cough
  • Dry/regular sputum production
  • Recurrent winter bronchitus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the patient risk factors associated with COPD?

A
  • Smoking

- Over 35 year olds

28
Q

What are the red flags for breathlessness? (5)

A
  • Acutely breathless
  • Haemoptysis
  • Hoarse voice
  • Chest pain
  • Rapid weight loss
29
Q

What are the signs of COPD? And which indiate a progression to cor pulmonale? (12)

A
  • Tachypnoea
  • Hyperinflated chest
  • Wheeze
  • Use of accessory muscles
  • Poor chest expansion
  • Hyperresonant chest
  • Pursing of lips on expiration
  • Cyanosis *
  • Peripheral oedema *
  • Raised JVP *
  • Cachexia
  • Prolonged expiration
  • = cor pulmonale
30
Q

How does an exacerbation of COPD present? (5)

A
  • Acute onset
  • Worsening of COPD patient symptoms from usual stable state
  • Fever/systemic infection symptoms
  • Cyanosis symptoms: confusion, blue, severe SOB
  • Triggers: viral/bacterial resp tract infection
31
Q

What confirms a diagnosis of COPD?

A

History with post bronchodilator FEV1/FVC =<0.70

32
Q

What are the symptoms of acute bronchitus? (4)

A
  • Dry then later productive (any colour inc. red) cough
  • Systemically unwell: fever
  • Dyspnoea
  • Wheezing
33
Q

Presentation of ARDS? (Acute resp distress syndrome)

A
  • Acute onset
  • Wide pulmonary pressure (so not HF)
  • Dyspnoea
  • Tachycardia
  • Tachypnoea
  • Bilateral basal crackles
  • Chest pain
34
Q

What are the causes of ARDS?

A

Acute lung inflammation

  • Sepsis
  • Pneumonia
  • Trauma
  • Aspiration
  • Shock : ischaemiac damage/liver failure/pancreatitus/drug overdose
35
Q

What are the symptoms of pulmonary oedema? (11)

A
  • Sig breathing probs (SOB)
  • Cough w/pink frothy sputum (haemoptysis)
  • SOB
  • Resp distress
  • Tachypnoea
  • Excessive sweating
  • Suffocation feeling
  • Pale skin
  • Wheezing
  • Palpitations
  • Chest pain
36
Q

Pleural effusion (7)

A
  • Chest pain
  • Dry cough
  • Dyspnoea/orthopnea
  • Reduced chest expansion
  • Tracheal deviation from affected side
  • Stony dull percussion
  • Reduced/absent breath sounds/vocal resonance
37
Q

Signs of pulmonary oedema (3)

A
  • Decreased O2 sats
  • Raised JVP + peripheral oedema (fluid overload)
  • Basal creps
38
Q

What is pulmonary oedema secondary to? And what conditions is this state associated with? (5)

A

FLUID OVERLOAD

  • Kidney failure
  • IV therapy
  • Heart failure
  • Hypoalbuminaemia (liver failure)
  • Pericarditus
39
Q

What are the differences between asthma and COPD clinically? (4)

A
  • A=better quality of life
  • A=dinural, C=daytime externtional
  • A=reversible, C=irreversibe
  • A=allergy history, C=no allergy, more smoking
40
Q

What are the symptoms of acute extrinsic allergic alveolitis? (5)

A
  • Acute dyspnoea
  • Cough
  • Fever
  • Rash/swelling
  • Onset: a few hours after antigen exposure and resolving on cessation
41
Q

What are the symptoms of bronchal carcinoma? (9)

A
  • Chest pain : fullness to severe persistent pain. Maybe pleuritic
  • Cough: dry/ (purelent if infection) - change in smoker’s cough
  • Several episodes of small haemoptysis without infection
  • Recurrent pneumonia – same site/slow to treatment response
  • SOB: if large tumour
  • Voice hoarseness
  • Resp symptoms not responding to treatment
  • Weight loss
  • Anorexia
42
Q

What is a sign that a COPD patient has progressed to a bronchial carcinoma?

A

Change in character of smoker’s cough

43
Q

What suggests pneumonia is associated with malignancy? (3)

A
  • Slow to heal
  • Same site
  • Slow response to treatment
44
Q

What signs are found in bronchial carcinoma? (2)

A
  • Phrenic involvement - diaphragm raising = absent breath sounds and dull percussion
  • Pleural rub/pleural effusion signs if pleura involvement
45
Q

List the interstitial lung diseases causing breathlessness (7)

A
  • Chronic extrinsic allergic alveolitis
  • Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
  • Sarcoidosis
  • Simple coal workers pneumoconiosis
  • Complicated coal workers’ pneumoconiosis/progressive massive fibrosis
  • Asbestosis
  • Silicosis
46
Q

What are the symptoms of simple coal workers pneumoconiosis? (2)

A
  • Asymptomatic

- Or some bronchitis

47
Q

What are the symptoms of complicated coal workers’ pneumoconiosis/progressive massive fibrosis? (3)

A
  • Cough
  • Dyspnoea
  • Black sputum
  • Progressing despite dust exposure cessation
48
Q

What can progressive massive fibrosis eventually lead to? (2)

A
  • Pulmonary hypotension

- Cor pulmonale

49
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of chronic extrinsic allergic alveolitus? (7)

A
  • Insidous onset
  • Cough
  • Progressive dyspnea
  • Fatigue
  • Weight loss
  • Clubbing
  • Acute episodes: fever and SOB after antigen exposure
50
Q

What are the signs of chronic extrinsic allergic alveolitus? (5)

A
  • Type 1 resp failure
  • Hypoxemia at rest, desat with exercise
  • Resp distress
  • Tachypnoea
  • Inspiratory crackles on lower lung fields
51
Q

Symptoms of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (8)

A
  • 45-65 years
  • Progressive breathlessness
  • Weight loss
  • Malaise
  • Type 1 resp failure/cor pulmonale
  • Clubbing
  • End insp crackles
  • Reduced chest expansion
52
Q

Bronchiectasis presentation (5)

A 
Decreased FEV1
Decreased FEV1/VC ratio (less than 0.7)
Cough 
Fever
Foul smelling purulent sputum
53
Q

What lung cancer is associated with kidney stones? And why? (2)

A
  • Squamous cell = hypercalcaemia

- Ectopic PTH secretion

54
Q

Acute asthma signs 3

A
  • Expiration wheeze
  • Silent chest=emergency!
  • Hypokalaemia
55
Q

What can progress to lobar collapse? (4)

A
  • Blockage of bronchiole/bronchus=within airway e.g foregin body/mucus plug in asthma
  • From wall blockage= tumour
  • Compressing from outside .g tumour
  • Pneumothorax/pleural effusion
56
Q

Effusion vs consolidation clinical signs

A
  • Effusion: stony dull vs consolidation dull

- Effusion: vocal resonance is decreased/absent + consolidation: increased VR

57
Q

Acute LVF heart failure signs (4)

A
  • Tachypnoea
  • Cold hands
  • Tachycardia
  • Crackles/wheeze
58
Q

Lung cancer (8)

A
  • Hoarse voice
  • Blood in sputum
  • Progressive SOB
  • Anaemia (palpitations/tiredness)
  • Night sweats
  • Cough
  • Chest pain
  • Horner’s syndrome: ptosis/myosis/adenlyclosis
59
Q

Acute COPD exercabation (2)

A
  • Acutely SOB

- Sputum colour change

60
Q

TB (8)

A
  • Young and travel
  • Cough (+/haemptosis)
  • Night sweats
  • Fever/chills
  • SOB
  • Fatigue
  • Weight loss
  • Systemic infections e.g menignitus/pericarditus)
61
Q

TB vs lung cancer (5)

A
  • Age: young vs old
  • Smoking: non vs yes
  • Weight loss: slow vs sudden
  • Chest pain: not present vs present
  • Hoarseness: not present vs present
62
Q

Drugs with clottiing risks? (2)

A
  • HRT

- Contraceptive pill

63
Q

Puemonthorax risk factors (9)

A
  • Cystic fibrosis
  • Marfan’s syndrome
  • Male
  • Tall
  • Young (20s)
  • Smoking
  • COPD
  • Asthma
  • Cystic fibrosis
64
Q

What sign can be found particularly in patients with lower lobe pneumonia?

A

Upper abdo tenderness

65
Q

Heart failure (9)

A
  • Pink frothy sputum
  • PND
  • Orthopnoea
  • Tachycardia
  • Lung crackles
  • Raised JVP
  • S3 gallop
  • Displaced apex beat
  • Wheeze
  • Fluid overload: acites
66
Q

Asbestosis (5)

A
  • Persistent dry cough
  • Wheezing
  • Fatigue
  • Joint pain (hand and foot)
  • Clubbing
67
Q

How does lesions in the lung predispose to infections?

A

Obstruction decreases lung clearance of secretions

Breathlessness (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions