Acid-Base Disorder Flashcards
In what conditions can acute respiratory acidosis be seen? (7)
- Pnuemonia
- Pulmonary oedema
- Opioid overdose
- Sedative drug overdose
- Asphyxiation
- Airway obstruction
- COPD Co2 retention
In general what type of failure presents as a respiratory acidosis?
Type 2 resp failure - ventilation and pump failure (hypoventiliation)
In what condition can chronic respiratory acidosis be seen?
COPD
In what conditions can acute respiratory alkalosis with normal O2 be seen? (6)
- PE
- Panic attack
- Metabolic acidosis response
- Increased metabolic demand e.g fever
What type of breathing causes respiratory acidosis?
Hypoventilation
What type of breathing causes respiratory alkalosis?
Hyperventilation
What does respiratory alkalosis with low O2 indicate?
Response to hypoxia
In what conditions can chronic respiratory alkalosis be seen?
Latitude accumulation
In what conditions can metabolic acidosis with an increased anion gap be seen? (7)
- Shock
- Diabetic ketoacidosis
- Poisoning
- Sepsis
- Infarction
- Alcohol excess
- Renal failure
Give example of poisonings that can cause metabolic acidosis with a normal anion gap (3)
- Aspirin
- Metformin
- Etheylene glycol (antifreeze)
In what conditions can metabolic acidosis with a normal anion gap be seen? (4)
- Diarrhoea
- Renal tube acidosis
- Ammonium chloride ingestion
- Adrenal insufficiency
In what conditions can metabolic alkalosis be seen? (4)
- Vomiting
- Ka depletion - diuretics
- Cushing’s
- Conn’s
What are the two types of acidosis/alkalosis?
- Respiratory
- Metabolic
What is metabolic acidosis? (4)
1) pH decrease
2) HCO3- decrease
3) Compensation: PCO2 decrease
4) Lactate increase if increased anion gap
What is respiratory acidosis? (3)
1) pH decrease
2) As PCO2 increase
3) Compensation: HCO3- increase
What is the difference between acute resp acidosis and chronic resp acidosis?
Acute=small/no HCO3 increase
and pH more decreased
Chronic=Big HCO3 increase and normal pH
What indicates acute-on-chronic resp failure e.g COPD exercerbation?
Decrease in pH after compensation
What is a simple acid base disorder?
One acid base disorder exhibited by patient
What is a mixed acid base disorder?
Two acid base disorders exhibited by patient
Give examples of a mixed acid base disorder (2)
- Increased HCO3 and decreased PaCO2
- Decreased HCO3 and increased PaCO2
What is metabolic alkalosis? (3)
1) Increased pH
2) Increased HCO3
3) Compensation: increased pCO2
What is respiratory alkalosis? (3)
1) Increased pH
2) Decreased PCO2
3) Compensation: increased HCO3
What negative ions in the blood balance the positive Na+ charge? (3)
- Bicarb
- Chloride
- Anion gap
What is an anion gap? Give 3 examples
Unmeasured ions in patients e.g proteins, phosphate, sulfate
What are the two possible responses by the body ions to compensate for bicarb loss?
- Increase chloride ions
- Increase anion gap
What are the two types of metabolic acidosis?
- Hypercholeraemic metabolic acidosis
- Increased anion gap metabolic acidosis
What is hypercholeraemic metabolic acidosis?
Bicarb loss where chloride has been increased to compensate
What is increased anion gap metabolic acidosis?
Bicarb loss where the anion gap has been increased to compensate
How is anion gap calculated?
Sodium concentration - (bcarb conc + chloride)
