Pathophysiologies Flashcards
What are the causes of COPD? (2)
- Smoking
- Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
A rare deficiency in what enzyme causes COPD? And when should this be suspected? (2)
- Alpha-1-antitrypsin
- Younger patients
Why does bronchial carcinoma often lead to infection?
Bronchial obstruction
Why does bronchial carcinoma often lead to pleuritic chest pain?
Invasion of pleura
Why might stridor be heard in bronchial carcinoma?
Obstruction above the main carina
Why is voice hoarseness caused by malignancy?
Vocal chords of left recurrent laryngeal nerves involved
What causes extrinsic allergic alveolitis? (3)
- Type III hypersensitivity to repeated antigen exposure already sensitive to individual
- Lymphocytes and macrophages infiltrate airways
- Leads to pulmonary fibrosis
What are the common examples of antigens leading to extrinsic allergic alveolitis? (4)
- Mouldy hay: Farmer’s lung
- Bird faeces
- Cotton fibres
- Sugar cane fibres
What life threatening condition can extrinsic allergic alveolitis progress to?
Cor pulmonale
What classes an interstitial lung disease as a pneumoconiosis?
Interstitial lung diseases due to inhalation and lung retention of dusts
What lung diseases can be classified as pneumoconiosis? (7)
- Simple coal workers pneumoconiosis
- Complicated coal workers’ pneumoconiosis/progressive massive fibrosis
- Asbestosis
- Silicosis
- Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
- Mesothelioma
- Lung carcinoma
What can pneumoconiosis often result in if the reaction is fibrotic?
Intersitial lung disease (restrictive)
Why does lobar collapse occur? (3)
- Less air in lung
- Air resorbed from alevoli
- Lung volume decreases
Why does PE cause shock? (2)
- Obstructive shock
- Interferes with ventricular emptying
Why does tension pneumothorax cause shock? (2)
- Obstructive shock
- Interferes with ventricular filling
