Prenatal Nutrition Flashcards
Events of Pregnancy
Zygote: Fertilized ovum
Embryo: 3rd to 8th week, most major
Fetus: 9th week
Baby: Neonate
Critical Period
A finite period during devolpment of birth which certain events must occur
- Effect is irreversible if not met
Ex: Neural tube defect
Prior to pregnancy
Achieve and maintain a healthy body weight
Choose an adequate and balanced diet
Build up nutrional stores
Be physically active
Avoid harmful substances
Prepregnancy Weight and Diet
Women who are underweight or had a low birthweight
- Greater risk of having low birth weight baby
- Harder to conceive
- Gain weight BEFORE becoming pregnant
Women who are overweight or obese:
- Greater risk of high body weight child
- Diabetes and hypertension
- Lose weight BEFORE becoming pregnant
Birthweight
Single most important indicator of an infants future health status
- Low Birth Weight , 5.5 lbs
- More likely to die
- Devolpement delays
- Twins can contribute
Should women be eating for two?
No, recommended 1-4 pounds in 1st trimester for all
2000 to 2400
- Caloric increase in 2nd trimester through lactation
What is normal weight for mothers?
1-4 lbs
: 3.5 pounds during 1st trimester
: 1 pound per week after that
Where does all poundage go?
To baby: 25%
To mom: 75%
Pregnancy nutrient requirements
- Most go up, but not proportionally
- Protein, Vit A, B3, Folate
: Folic Acid- Increase by 50%
: Iron- Increase by 50%
Supplements:
- Vit B12, Calcium, Vit D, Zinc
Teratogens
An agent that causes malformation of fetus
- Fetal Alcohol syndrome, HPV, Hep B and C
What should be avoided?
- Herbal Supplements
- Alcohol
- Foodborne Illnesses: Deli meat, seafood, hot dogs
Foodborne Illnesses
Toxoplasma gondii: Blindless and hearing loss in infants
Listera: Fetal death
What should be limited?
Caffeine, nonnutritive sweetners, limit avoid fish and shellfish
- Increase Omega 3
Physical Activity During Pregnancy
DOES NOT need to be avoided
- 20-30 mins of activity a day
Common complaints of pregnancy?
Nausea and Vomit: Eat easily digested carbs, small snacks, avoid liquids with meals, limit high saturated fats
Constipation: Fiber intake increased
Heartburn: Don’t lay down after meals, eat small, frequent meals
Pica
Purposeful ingestion of nonfood substances such as dirt, ice
- 2.4 higher risk of anemia and zinc defiencies
: See doctor
Diabetes
Affects 2-10% of pregnancies
- Treatment: Less than 45% of calories from carbs
- At least 175 g of carbs to prevent keoacidiosis
- Less gluclose
- More exercise
Hypertension
More likely in women who were obese before pregnancy
: 140/90
Preeclampsia
Fatal, occurs 20 weeks or later
- Toxemia of pregnancy from hypertension or edema, organ dysfunciton
Treatment: Fruits, folate
Maternal Phenylketonuria
Women with PKU before pregnancy, have high levels of phenyline in blood.
- Fetal exposure can result in microcephalgy, low birthweight, heart abnormalities
Treatment: Elimination of protien foods
Nutrition During Lactation
Recommended to breastfeed 0-6 months, introducing foods after 6 months.
- Up to 1 year of breastfeeding
: 450-500 more calories a day
: Fluids important
: B6, B12, A,D
