Nutrition for Infants, Children, Adolescents

Question 1

Infancy

Answer 1

1 year:
- Greatest growth is during this time
- 10 inches in first year

Supplements:
At Birth: Vit K
After 6 Months: Vit D, Iron, Fluoride

Nutrients:
- Energy Nutrients
: Vit A, D, E, C , Iodine
- Growth directly correlates with nutrional well being

Question 2

Infancy Breast Milk

Answer 2

Breast milk has nutrients that cannot be duplicated
- No Vit D in breast milk

Question 3

Formula Vs Cows Milk

Answer 3

Infant Formula:
- Fortified with iron
Cows:
- Advises only after first year ( AAP )

Question 4

Introducing Solid Foods

Answer 4

Need to detect allergic reactions ( 3 day rule )
: Iron and Vit C foods are important
- No fruit juices

Question 5

Toddlers

Answer 5

From 1 year- They grow 2-3 inches and 6 pounds per year
: Don’t force them to eat
- 3 meals, 2/3 snacks

Question 6

Calories and Nutrients

Answer 6

3 meals, 2 to 3 snacks = 1000 calories
1-2 yrs : Whole Milk
2 yr: 2%
15-20 exposures on new food

Question 7

Adolescents

Answer 7

Females usually increase growth rate from 10-11
Males increase around 12-14.
Calcium and Iron are common supplements
- Reach Adult level by 14-18

Question 8

Nutrition During Childhood

Answer 8

1 year old: 800 cal
6 year old: 1600
10 year old: 2000
- Carbs after 1 year same as adults
- Fiber is proportional to energy intake

Question 9

Nutrition needs continued…

Answer 9

• Protein needs slight increase
• Fat intake 1-3 yr old: AMDRR 30-40% of diet
• 4 to 18 yr old: AMDR 20-35%
• Vit and Minerals
  : Needs increase with age
  Iron defiency anemia
• Supplements:
  : Flouride, Iron, Vit D

Question 10

Iron Deficiency in Children

Answer 10

Anemia: Less oxygen to brain
: Slowed physical devolpment
- Makes learning more difficult
- Decreased attention span
- Lower IQ

Question 11

Lead Poisoning

Answer 11

Malnourished and poverty at highest risk
: Seen in children with pica
Mild Lead Toxicity: Diarrhea, fatigue, irratbility
Severe: Nerve damage, paralysis, death
EPA: No safe level of lead exposure

Question 12

Food Allergies

Answer 12

Allergies involve antibodies, immune response to specific food proteins
: Types Symptomatic and Asymtomatic
- Perform allergy skin test

Question 13

The big 8 food allergens

Answer 13

Peanuts, Egg, Wheat, Milk, Fish, Shellfish, Soy, Tree nuts

Question 14

Childhood obesity

Answer 14

Globally children are getting heavier:
US: Children in all 50 states are heavier than 30 yrs ago
- Obesity is a risk factor for diabetes, hypertension, CVD later in life

Question 15

Factors of Obesity

Answer 15

Genetics, Lifestlyle, Ethnicity

Question 16

Preventing Weight Gain in Children

Answer 16

1. Early intervention is key
   : Avoid fried foods and redefine snacks
2. Introduction of new foods one at a time
3. Healthy eating at home
   - Takes 5-10 exposures of new food

Question 17

Adolescent Nutrition

Answer 17

Boys: 3500 k/cals a day
Girls: 2400 k/cals a day
- Iron needs to increase in adolescence
- Calcium is needed too, not enough getting

Question 18

Obesity Interventions

Answer 18

Primary: All children
Secondary: Overweight/ obese with no comorbidities
Tertiary: Overweight/ obese with comorbitidities