Prenatal Development and Birth

Question 1

Prenatal development is divided into three main periods, which are…

Answer 1

1) Germinal period
2) Embryonic period
3) Fetal period

Question 2

The germinal period lasts from __-__ weeks.

Answer 2

0-2 weeks

Question 3

The embryonic period lasts from __-__ weeks.

Answer 3

3-8 weeks

Question 4

The fetal period lasts from __ weeks to _____.

Answer 4

9 weeks - birth

Question 5

About a week after conception, the cell mass, now called a _________, forms two distinct parts – a shell that will become the ________ and a nucleus that will become the _______.

Answer 5

blastocyst
placenta
embryo

Question 6

___________: the process, beginning about 10 days after conception, in which the developing organism burrows into the placenta that lines the uterus, where it can be nourished and protected as it continues to develop.

Answer 6

Implantation

Question 7

_______ = the organ that surrounds the developing embryo and fetus, sustaining life via the umbilical cord.

Answer 7

Placenta

Question 8

Germinal Period
An estimated __% of all zygotes do not grow or implant properly and thus do not survive the germinal period. Many of these organisms are abnormal; few women realize they were pregnant.

Answer 8

60%

Question 9

Embryonic Period
About __% of all embryos are aborted spontaneously, most often because of chromosomal abnormalities. This is usually called an early miscarriage.

Answer 9

20%

Question 10

Fetal Period
About __% of all fetuses are aborted spontaneously before viability at 22 weeks or are ‘stillborn,’ defined as born dead after 22 weeks. This is much more common in poor nations.

Answer 10

5%

Question 11

__________: the outer cells (placenta) attach into the uterus (failing about __% of the time).

Answer 11

Implantation

60%

Question 12

The start of the third week after conception initiates the embryonic period, during which the formless mass of cells becomes a distinct being – not yet recognizably human but worthy of a new name, _______.

Answer 12

embryo

Question 13

During the embryonic period…

• Major _____ and _____ develop.
• ______ tube –> central nervous system
• _____ structure (indifferent gonad)

Answer 13

organs & limbs
Neural tube
Unisex structure

Question 14

The organism is called a _____ from the beginning of the 9th week after conception until birth.

Answer 14

fetus

Question 15

If the __rd chromosomes are XY, the SRY gene on the Y triggers the development of male sexual organs.

Answer 15

23rd

Question 16

The X chromosome is bigger and has more genes, but the Y chromosome has a crucial gene, called ___, that directs the embryo to make male hormones and organs.

Answer 16

SRY

Question 17

During the fetal period…

• ___ organs develop
• _____ development is significant
• Age of variability occurs around __ weeks

Answer 17

Sex organs develop
Brain development
22 weeks

Question 18

____ __ ______: the age (about 22 weeks after conception) at which a fetus might survive outside the mother’s uterus if specialized medical care is available.

Answer 18

Age of viability

Question 19

First trimester…

• ________, _______, _____ periods.
• ______ and main ______ develop.

Second trimester…

• increasing maturation (especially of the ____).
• increased _____ differentiation (finger nails, hair, etc.).
• reaching ________ (at 22 weeks).

Third trimester…

• maturation of the neurological, respiratory and cardiovascular systems.
• _____ ______ develops.
• maternal relationship; connections to the outer world.

Answer 19

germinal, embryonic, fetal period
gender, main organs develop

brain
organ
viability

brain cortex

Question 20

About 38 weeks (266 days) after conception, the fetal brain signals the release of hormones, specifically _______, which prepares the fetus for delivery and starts labor, as well as increases the mother’s urge to nurture the baby.

Answer 20

oxytocin

Question 21

Stages of Labor…

1) : The _____ dilates to allow passage of the baby’s head.
2) : The baby’s head moves through the ________ of the vagina (the baby’s head “crowns”) and emerges. completely.
2) : Expulsion of the ________.

Answer 21

1) cervix dilates
2) opening
3) expulsion of the placenta

Question 22

______ _____: A quick assessment of a newborn’s health. The baby’s color, heart rate, reflexes, muscle tone, and respiratory effort are given a score of 0, 1, or 2 twice – at one minute and five minutes after birth – and each time the total of all five scores is compared with the maximum score of 10 (rarely attained).

Answer 22

Apgar scale (appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration)

Question 23

Most newborns weigh approximately ___ pounds and score at least __ out of 10 on the Apgar scale.

Answer 23

7.5 pounds

7 out of 10 - Apgar scale

Question 24

Every week, scientists discover an unexpected ________, which is anything – drugs, viruses, pollutants, malnutrition, stress, and more – that increases the risk of prenatal abnormalities.

Answer 24

teratogen

Question 25

________ _________ are agents and conditions that can harm the prenatal brain, impairing the future child’s intellectual and emotional functioning.

Answer 25

behavioral teratogens

Question 26

________ is the science of risk analysis, the study of birth defects.

Answer 26

Teratology

Question 27

A _______ is an agent or condition, including viruses, drugs, and chemicals, that can impair prenatal development and result in birth defects or even death.

Answer 27

teratogen

Question 28

Timing is crucial. Some teratogens cause damage only during a _______ period.

Answer 28

critical

Question 29

A second factor affecting the harm from teratogens is the dose and/or frequency of exposure. Some teratogens have a _______ effect; they are virtually harmless until exposure reaches a certain level, at which point they “cross the threshold” and become damaging.

Answer 29

threshold effect

Question 30

The influence of most teratogens is tied to _________ and _________ _______.

Answer 30

thresholds

interactive effects

Question 31

________ ______ are when two factors/variables come together, making things significantly worse (alcohol + tobacco).

Answer 31

Interactive effects

Question 32

Risk and Protective Factors…

• *Risk: During ________
• substance abuse (e.g fetal alcohol syndrome)
• illnesses (malnutrition)
• Protective factors
• Avoiding drugs and stress before and during pregnancy
• *Risk: _____
• complications may result in anoxia, cerebral palsy, etc.
• preterm birth
• small for gestational age
• Protective factors
• Health care during and after birth
• *Risk: ________ development
• healthcare
• surrounding social and psychological factors
• Protective factors
• Connected to societal and social contextual factors

Answer 32

Pregnancy

Birth

Immediate

Question 33

What is anoxia?

Answer 33

Lack of oxygen to the brain

Question 34

_______ is a birth that occurs 3 or more weeks before the full 38 weeks (9 months) of the typical pregnancy – that is, at 35 or fewer weeks after conception.

Answer 34

Preterm

Question 35

What is gestational age?

Answer 35

The time spent in the womb

Question 36

______________ is a term for a baby whose birthweight is significantly lower than expected, given the time since conception.
Ex: a 5-pound newborn is considered SGA if born on time but not SGA if born two months early.

Answer 36

Small for gestational age

Question 37

Labor proceeds in stages…

• Fetal brain signals the release of hormones (specifically _______) that starts the labor.
• The process takes about __ hours the first time, about __ hours in subsequent birth.
• Immediate cry & blood flow are important: ______ scale is used to assess color, heartbeat, reflex, muscle tone, and respiratory effect.

Answer 37

oxytocin

12, 7

Apgar scale

Question 38

When the birth hormones decrease, between 8-15% of women experience _______ ________, a sense of inadequacy and sadness.
-sources include issues…
1) preceding pregnancy (ex: marital problems),
2) during pregnancy (worry related to fetal development), 3) during birth (alone and unsupported),
4) or after birth (ex: feeding problems)
…also, fathers may become depressed.

Answer 38

postpartum depression

Question 39

The social psychosocial context…

• *The spouse’s behavior (marriage) influences the mother during and after pregnancy**
• -Restraining from _____; social adjustment related to _____ during and after birth.
• -Only 50% of the pregnancies in the U.S are planned (?!)
• -Fathers: _______ –> symptoms of pregnancy and birth experienced by fathers.
• -________ _______ important –> cooperation between a mother and a father based on their mutual commitment to their children. In a parental alliance, the parents support each other in their shared parental roles.

Answer 39

alcohol

stress

couvade

Parental alliance