Heredity and Environment Flashcards
We have about _____ genes.
20,000
A _____ is a section of a chromosome which produces specific proteins.
gene
A reproductive cell is called a _______.
gamete
Every person begins life as a single cell, called a _______, which is a combination of two gametes.
zygote
Each cell manufactures certain proteins according to instructions stored by molecules of ___ at the heart of each cell.
These coding DNA molecules are on a ___________.
DNA
Chromosome
Humans have __ pairs of chromosomes (__ in total) which contain the instructions to make all the proteins a person needs for life and growth.
23 pairs
46 total
The instructions in the 46 chromosomes are organized into _____, usually located at a specific spot on a particular chromosome.
genes
Each variation of a particular gene is called an ______ of that gene.
allele
Genes only provide the ____, NOT the ________.
risk,
NOT the outcome
The entire packet of instructions to make a living organism is called the _______.
genome
What are some normative genetic effects…
- gender
- physical appearance
- temperament
- tendencies for addiction
The genes on the chromosome constitute the organism’s genetic inheritance, or ______, which endures throughout life.
genotype
An organism’s entire genetic inheritance, or genetic potential, is called ________.
genotype
If the code of the gene from one parent is exactly like the code on the same gene from the other parent, the gene pair is ___________.
homozygous
If a gene’s code differs from that of its counterpart, the two genes still pair up, but the zygote is ____________.
heterozygous
The chromosomes that make up the 23rd pair are the ___ chromosomes.
sex
The 23rd pair is composed of two __-shaped chromosome .
X-shaped
XX = _______
females
XY = _______
males
When a sperm and an ovum combine into a zygote, they establish the genotype: all the genes that the developing person has.
Creation of a person from one cell involves several complex processes to form the _________ - the person’s appearance, behavior and brain and body functions.
phenotype
The _______ instigates body and brain formation, but the ________ depends on many genes and on the environment, influenced from the moment of conception until the moment of death.
genotype
phenotype
Most traits are ________ (affected by many genes) and ___________ (influenced by many factors).
polygenic
multifactorial
________: referring to a trait that is influenced by many genes.
polygenic
___________: referring to a trait that is affected by many factors, both genetic and environmental, that enhance, halt, shape, or alter the expression of genes, resulting in a phenotype that may differ markedly from the genotype.
multifactorial
The pattern through which genes influence development may be either _______ or __________-_________.
additive or dominant recessive
- Some alleles are _______ because their effects “add up” to influence the phenotype.
- When genes interact ________, the phenotype usually reflects the contributions of every gene that is involved, in other words, they jointly influence the phenotype expression.
- Height, hair curliness, and skin color, for instance, are usually the result of ______ genes.
additive
additively
- In one non-additive form, alleles interact in a ________-________ pattern, which one allele, the ‘dominant’ gene, is more influential than the other, the ‘recessive’ gene.
- This is an observed effect (displayed in the phenotype) or not.
dominant-recessive
T/F:
Most recessive genes are harmless.
True
Most traits are _________, the result of many genes that interact – some _______ and some in a _________-________ pattern, with thousands of minor variations in base pairs, all of which may be affected by the sex of the parent and the zygote.
polygenetic
additively
dominant-recessive pattern
What are the three different genotype-environment correlations?
PEA
1) Passive
2) Evocative
3) Active
Genotype-Environment Correlation
________: the influence of parent’s genotypes on the child’s environment. (ex: living in a certain neighborhood because of parent’s SES –> affected by parent’s genes)
Passive
Genotype-Environment Correlation
________: temperament (a person’s nature as it affects their behavior) (affected by genes) evokes reactions from others.
Evocative
Genotype-Environment Correlation
______: individuals are predisposed to select certain ‘environments’ based on genetically driven characteristics.
Active
Assessing Heritability
What are the three designs used to asses heritability
1) Controlled Twin Design
- identical vs. fraternal twins growing up in same environments
2) Adoption studies
- environmental effects on adopted children
3) Selective breeding
- animals
Environment –>
1) Shared =
2) Non-shared =
1) Shared = family
2) Non-shared = peer group
Social aggression was influenced by substantial _________ (shared and nonshared) effects and only weak _________ effects.
environmental
genetic
Physical aggression was influenced by ______ and the unique (i.,e., nonshared) environment.
genes
Social and physical aggression share most of their underlying _____, but only a few overlapping ___________ factors.
genes
environmental
