First Two Years - Psychosocial Development

Question 1

Core (Primary) Emotions:

• Present already in infants.
• These are universal and require no, or only little social learning.
• Thought to have deep biological roots (evolutionary theory)
• -ex: joy, anger, disgust, sadness.
• Primary emotions differ from secondary emotions, which develop later.
• -Secondary emotions require awareness of the self and other people, and are based on social learning (ex: pride and shame).

Answer 1

Yuh.

Question 2

Fully formed ____ in response to some person, thing, or situation emerges at about 9 months.

Answer 2

fear

Question 3

_______ ________: infant no longer smiles at any friendly faces, and cries if an unfamiliar person move too close, too quickly.

Answer 3

Stranger wariness

Question 4

• _________ ________: expressed in tears, dismay, or anger when a familiar caregiver leaves.
• normal at age 1, intensifies by age 2.
• -usually subsides after that.

Answer 4

Separation anxiety

Question 5

• Excessive stress (which increases cortisol) harms the developing brain.
• The __________, in particular, grows more slowly if an infant is often frightened.

Answer 5

hypothalamus

Question 6

• __________ is defined as the “biologically based core of individual differences in style of approach and response to the environment that is stable across time and situation.”
• __________: Inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self-regulation. It is measured by the person’s typical responses to the environment.
• “Biologically based” means that these traits originate with nature, not nurture.
• Generally, personality traits (ex: honesty and humility) are learned, whereas temperamental traits (ex: shyness and aggression) are genetic.

Answer 6

Temperament

Question 7

__________: a coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant.

• A mutual exchange that requires split-second timing.
• It is evident in the first three months, becoming more frequent and elaborate as the infant matures.
• Experience-expectant biological/neurological potential.

Answer 7

Synchrony

Question 8

_________: according to Ainsworth, “an affectional tie” that an infant forms with a caregiver - a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time.
-It is lifelong, beginning before birth and influencing relationships throughout life.

Answer 8

Attachment

Question 9

Attachment is classified into four types…

• Infants with secure attachment feel comfortable and confident.
• The caregiver is a base for exploration, providing assurance and enabling discovery
• Insecure attachment is characterized by fear, anxiety, anger, or indifference.
• Some children play independently without maintaining contact - this is insecure-avoidant attachment.
• The opposite reaction is insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment. Children with this type of attachment cling to caregiver and are angry at being left.
• Disorganized attachment: a type of attachment that is marked by an infant’s inconsistent reactions to the caregiver’s departure and return.

Answer 9

Yuh