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Normal & Abnormal Foetal Development > Prenatal Brain Development > Flashcards

Prenatal Brain Development Flashcards

1
Q

define embryo

A

the developmental stage when major organ systems develop (about weeks 2-8 after conception in humans)

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2
Q

define foetus

A

organ systems grow and mature (from about weeks 9-38 after conception, or weeks 10-40 of pregnancy (counted from date of last menstrual period))

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3
Q

does the human brain finish developing in utero and when is development fastest

A
  • is still developing after birth
  • fastest in late gestation
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4
Q

from how early on do major developmental stages of brain and spinal cord start

A

2-3 weeks post conception

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5
Q

list the critical stages in brain sequential development stages:

A

1 - neural plate induction
2 - neural cell proliferation
3 - neural cell migration and aggregation
4 - axon growth and synapse formation
5 - cell death and synapse rearrangement

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6
Q

[1 - neural plate induction] when does neural plate induction process occur and what does it mark

A

2-3 wks post-conception
- development of the nervous system starting

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7
Q

[1 - neural plate induction] from 18 days post-conception, the embryo consisting of 3 layers (list) does what

A
  • endoderm (innermost), mesoderm, ectoderm (outermost)
  • begins to implant into uterine wall
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8
Q

[1 - neural plate induction] as embryo implants into uterine wall, what also develops

A
  • neural plate develops from a thickening of superficial ectoderm later of cells
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9
Q

[1 - neural plate induction] by 20 day post-conception what is present

A
  • neural groove
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10
Q

[1 - neural plate induction] what is the basis of the developing nervous system

A

neural groove

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11
Q

[1 - neural plate induction] what does the neural groove ultimately form

A

neural tube

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12
Q

[1 - neural plate induction] the neural plate forms into what before neural groove

A

neural fold

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13
Q

[1 - neural plate induction] by day 22 post-conception what has formed and closed

A
  • neural tube
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14
Q

[1 - neural plate induction] by day 22 the developing foetal brain divides into what 4 major components

A
  • telencephalon
  • diencephalon
  • mesencephalon
  • rhombencephalon
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15
Q

[1 - neural plate induction] what can collectively be called the prosencephalon

A
  • telencephalon
  • diencephalon
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16
Q

[2 - neural cell proliferation] neural cell proliferation centres on _____and ____ which is the generation of new neural cells

A
  • mitosis
  • proliferation
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17
Q

[2 - neural cell proliferation] predominantly occurs where

A

ventricular zone of neural tube

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18
Q

[2 - neural cell proliferation] generates new cells at rates up to what

A

250,000 cells per minute

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19
Q

[2 - neural cell proliferation] initially at this point in neural development what parts of neural cells are point in neurodevelopment

A
  • soma
  • immature axons
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20
Q

[2 - neural cell proliferation] all cells are _____ at the start of ____

A
  • undifferentiated
  • migration
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21
Q

[2 - neural cell proliferation] what happens as neurons begin to migrate to their abilities and to what state they are in

A
  • develop ability to produce neurotransmitters
  • change from an undifferentiated state into a differentiated neural cell
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22
Q

[3 - neural cell migration and aggregation] what is central to this stage

A

radial glia

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23
Q

[3 - neural cell migration and aggregation] what do radial glia do

A
  • act as scaffolding for the migration of neurons
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24
Q

[3 - neural cell migration and aggregation] what do apical glia do

A
  • extend an apical process reaching the outer ventricular surface
25
Q

[3 - neural cell migration and aggregation] migrating cells are immature (not finished differentiating) and lack ____

A

dendrites

26
Q

[3 - neural cell migration and aggregation] describe aggregation in regards to cells

A
  • cells that are done migrating
  • begin to align themselves with other cells and form structures
  • process known as aggregation
27
Q

[4 - axon growth and synapse formation] when do axons and dendrites begin to grow to their mature size and shape

A

once migration is complete and structures have been formed ie/ aggregation

28
Q

[4 - axon growth and synapse development] for maturation, dendrites do what

A

form synapse with other neurons

29
Q

[4 - axon growth and synapse development] for maturation, what do axons have on one end

A
  • a growth cone comprising microtubules, actin-myosin meshwork, and actin bundles
30
Q

[4 - axon growth and synapse development] during maturation, what is critical to the processes of axons and dendrites to occur

A
  • chemo attractants
31
Q

what is the final stage of foetal brain development

A

cell death and synapse rearrangement

32
Q

[cell death and synapse rearrangement] what is synaptogenesis

A

formation of new synapses

33
Q

[cell death and synapse rearrangement] what does synaptogenesis depend on

A
  • the presence of glial cells - especially astrocytes
34
Q

[cell death and synapse rearrangement] what do astrocytes do

A

modulate synaptic function

35
Q

[cell death and synapse rearrangement] what is critical to the process of synaptogenesis

A
  • exchange of chemical signals between pre and post synaptic neurons
36
Q

[cell death and synapse rearrangement] if the chemical signal between pre and post synaptic neurons is strong, what happens to synapse formation

A

is encourages and strengthened

37
Q

[cell death and synapse rearrangement] if the chemical signal between pre and post synaptic neurons is weak, what happens to synapse formation

A

synaptic relationships are lost

38
Q

[cell death and synapse rearrangement] what critical function do microglia have

A

prune less active synapses to refine neural circuit function -> correct function

39
Q

[cell death and synapse rearrangement] approx how many developing neurons die after migration

A

between 40-75%

40
Q

[cell death and synapse rearrangement] neuronal death is predominantly due to ____ to compete for _____

A
  • failure
  • neurotrophins
41
Q

[cell death and synapse rearrangement] what are neurotrophins

A
  • chemo attractants produced by targets
42
Q

[cell death and synapse rearrangement] function of neurotrophins

A
  • promote growth and survival
  • guide axons
  • promote synaptogenesis
43
Q

what are the 3 major stages for milestones for neurodevelopment in utero

A
  • fundamentals of neuro-development
  • neuronal maturation (grey matter development)
  • myelination (white matter development)
44
Q

[milestones for neurodevelopment in utero] what is the time of greatest importance during pregnancy for brain development

A

2nd and 3rd trimesters

45
Q

[milestones for neurodevelopment in utero] brain development during 2nd and 3rd trimesters is characterised by: (4)

A
  • neurogenesis
  • gliogenesis
  • axonal ingrowth (elongation)
  • elaboration of synaptic connections
46
Q

[milestones for neurodevelopment in utero] myelination of axons (by oligodendrocytes) accelerates a process that….

A

is critical for the development of cognitive function later in childhood

47
Q

[milestones for neurodevelopment in utero] by 34 weeks, foetal brain weight is already __% of full-term weight

A

65%

48
Q

[milestones for neurodevelopment in utero] _______ & ________ grow dramatically during the last 6 weeks of pregnancy

A
  • cortical surface area
  • cerebral volume
49
Q

[milestones for neurodevelopment in utero] premature birth and foetal growth restriction are both associated with

A

particular problems with normal neurodevelopment

50
Q

[milestones for neurodevelopment in utero] prematurity and FGE can lead to what structural deficits

A
  • reduced head circumference
  • reduced total and grey matter volume
  • reduced hippocampal and cerebellar volume
  • reduced total number of cells
  • reduced myelin content
  • thinning cortex with altered gyrification
  • delayed myelination
  • reduced connectivity
51
Q

[milestones for neurodevelopment in utero] prematurity and FGR can lead to what functional deficits due to these structural deficits

A
  • motor
  • cognition and learning
  • behaviour
52
Q

[milestones for neurodevelopment in utero] premature and FGR functional deficit motor list

A
  • reduced gross and fine motor skills
  • reduced visuomotor skills
  • clumsiness
  • cerebral palsy
53
Q

[milestones for neurodevelopment in utero] premature and FGR functional deficit cognition and learning list

A
  • reduced IQ / executive function
  • reduced verbal IQ
  • poor memory
54
Q

[milestones for neurodevelopment in utero] premature and FGR functional deficit behaviour list

A
  • attention and interaction difficulties
  • hyperactivity
  • mood and irritability
  • anxiety
55
Q

[milestones for neurodevelopment in utero] what can FGR (and prematurity) neuropathology be caused by, list 4

A
  • chronic hypoxia
  • hypoglycaemia
  • oxidative stress
  • inflammation
56
Q

[milestones for neurodevelopment in utero] depending on what is the main driver the FGR (and prematurity) neuropathology seen could be either

A
  • grey matter pathology
  • white matter pathology
57
Q

[milestones for neurodevelopment in utero] the brain network connectivity in infant and childhood is the same for FGR versus appropriately grown - T or F

A

F

58
Q

[milestones for neurodevelopment in utero] the difference in brain network connectivity in FGR versus appropriately grown does what as child grows up

A

increases in severity

Normal & Abnormal Foetal Development (7 decks)

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