Importance of Placenta Flashcards

1
Q

what cells do foetal part of placenta mostly develop from

A

trophoblast cells of embryonic blastocyst

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2
Q

what do trophoblast cells invade (2)

A
  • decidua (maternal uterus)
  • including spinal arterioles
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3
Q

what does trophoblast invading spinal arterioles do

A

initially block maternal flow into placenta

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4
Q

what does the initial block of maternal flow cause early placenta environment to be developing in

A

hypoxic environment

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5
Q

consequence of exposure to higher O2 concentrations for developing placenta

A

impairs placental development

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6
Q

what are chorionic villi

A

nutrient exchange units of placenta

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7
Q

the chorionic villi containing foetal capillaries are bathed in maternal blood by when

A

second trimester

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8
Q

during second trimester at what volume (general) is maternal blood flow occurring and at what velocity (general)

A
  • high volume
  • low velocity
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9
Q

how are functions of placenta increased overtime

A

adaptations are made

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10
Q

is the rate of placental growth constant throughout pregnancy

A

no, slows down

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11
Q

remodeling of maternal blood vessels involves what

A
  • expanding their diameter
  • removing muscle layers that would constrict capillaries (as they do in other maternal vascular beds)
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12
Q

in second or later pregnancy, how does the weight of placenta compare to those in first pregnancy

A

heavier

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13
Q

does parity or offspring sex have a bigger effect on placenta weight

A

parity

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14
Q

what makes up placental efficiency ratio

A

foetal weight to placental weight

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15
Q

what can low ratio of placental efficiency indicate

A

poorly functioning placenta that does not effectively transfer nutrients to foetus

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16
Q

are foetal weight and placental weight positively or negatively correlated (in general, full-term babies)

A

positively

17
Q

what is having a light placenta associated with

A

poor foetal growth
(born small for gestational age)

18
Q

for poor foetal growth (ie/ growth restricted) babies due to poorly functioning placentas (ie/ light placenta), how was O2 delivery

19
Q

is O2 higher in umbilical vein or umbilical artery

A

umbilical vein

20
Q

blood of umbilical vein route

A

from placenta to foetus

21
Q

blood of umbilical artery route

A

foetus to placenta

22
Q

light placenta is also associated with increased risks of

A

still birth

23
Q

placental measures of are also predictive of what

A
  • poor personal health in offspring
25
what happens to placental growth in late pregnancy although foetus is still growing rapidly
slows
26
in normal pregnancy does foetal growth become restricted, why / why not
- restricted by placental capacity to deliver nutrients
27
what predicts the weight of newborn baby
placental weight and function
28
poor placental growth and function restrict (?) and increase risks of (2)
- restrict foetal growth - increase risks of still birth and poor health of offspring
29
(4) major functions of placenta
- nutrient, gas, waste exchange - hormone production - protection from environment (toxins, pathogens) - immune protection
30
what is the importance of the placenta for mother
placental signals are essential to coordinate maternal adaptations to pregnancy
31
what do maternal adaptations to pregnancy allow regarding placenta
- mothers body to supply O2 and nutrients & remove wastes from foetus via placenta
32
list a maternal adaptation to pregnancy that is preparative
- facilitating changes that prepare for supporting newborn thru lactation
33
what are some hormones produced by the human placenta
- steroid hormones (incl progesterone) - human chorionic gonadotropin - placental lactogens - growth hormone