Premedication 2 - A2 Agonists and Phenothiazines Flashcards

1
Q
What group of drugs are the strongest available sedatives?
A) benzodiazepines
B) anticholinergics
C) opioids
D) alpha 2 agonists
A

D - alpha 2 agonists

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2
Q

3 locations that alpha 2 agonists act at

A

presynaptic membrane (CNS)
post-synaptic membrane (vascular smooth muscle)
extra-synaptic sites (pancreas, adipocytes, etc)

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3
Q

Activation of the alpha 2 receptors in the walls of arteries and veins causes _______.

A

vasoconstriction (is also most concerning side effect of alpha agonists)

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4
Q

T/F: alpha 2 agonism on adipocytes results in inhibition of lipolysis

A

True

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5
Q

Alpha 2 agonism on pancreatic B cells causes inhibition of insulin release, resulting in _______.

A

hyperglycaemia

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6
Q

List the CNS effects of alpha 2 agonists

A

sedation
analgesia
muscle relaxation

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7
Q

2 important cardiovascular effects of alpha 2 agonists

A

vasoconstriction and reflex bradycardia –> results in low CO and tissue perfusion

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8
Q

Would you use alpha 2 agonists in a hemodynamically unstable patient?

A

No due to CV effects

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9
Q

Respiratory effects of alpha 2 agonists

A

mild resp depression
RR decrease but tidal volume increases
upper airway resistance
V/Q mismatch

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10
Q
Xylazine is contraindicated in which species?
A) Cats
B) Horses
C) Sheep
D) Cows
A

C - Sheep because see hypoxemia and lung edema

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11
Q
Xylazine likely causes vomiting in:
A) Dogs
B) Cats
C) Guinea pigs
D) Horses
A

B - cats

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12
Q
Xylazine may cause uterine contractions and abortions in:
A) goats
B) cows
C) horses
D0 sheep
A

B - cows

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13
Q

Indications for use of alpha 2 agonist

A

sedation aggressive animals, sedation in the ICU, sedation to manage post-op airway obstruction

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14
Q

T/F: alpha 2 agonists are safe for most risk patients

A

False

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15
Q
Which is the best option for antagonizing alpha agonist?
A) atipamezole
B) yohimbe
C) tolazoline
C) Detomidine
A

A - atipamezole

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16
Q

T/F: always give alpha2 antagonists IM

A

true

17
Q

Number one choice of premedication for horses is

A

Xylazine

18
Q

The most specific drug for alpha 2 receptors is

A

Dexmedetomidine

19
Q

Which alpha 2 agonist is preferred for standing dental surgery in horses?

A

Romifidine

20
Q

Which receptors does Acepromazine antagonize?

A

dopamine, serotonin, alpha 1, histamine

21
Q

What is an important phenothiazine?

A

Acepromazine

22
Q

CNS effects of Acepromazine?

A

weak sedation, antiemetic, no analgesic effect

23
Q

CV effects of phenothiazines

A

antagonist on alpha1 = vasodilation and hypotension

may cause death of hypovolemic patients

24
Q

Phenothiazine effects on stallions

A

penile prolapse

25
Q

Indications for phenothiazine use (acepromazine)

A

mild sedation for premed or post op
prevention/treatment of opioid dysphoria
prevention of emesis causes by morphine
sedation of dogs with laryngeal paralysis
enhance sedative effects of xylazine in horses

26
Q

Contraindications of phenothiazine use

A
hypovolemia, hemodynamic instability
very young or old patients
Von-willebrand disease (Dobes)
boxers may be sensitive (bradycardia)
breeding stallions (penile prolapse)
27
Q

Describe butyrophenones

A
similar to phenothiazines
droperidol and azaperone
sedative effect similar to ACE
more likely to cause behavioural side effects
less hypotensive and stronger antiemetic
less effects on platelet
28
Q

T/F: ACE inhibits platelet function

A

true