PRELIMS WEEK 4 Flashcards
1
Q
– depicts light as an energy that tends to travel in waves
A
SINE WAVE MODEL
2
Q
The shortest wavelength comes from the:
A
Gamma Rays and X-Rays (diagnostic imaging)
3
Q
Photons or packets of energy that travel in waves
A
ELECTRO-MAGNETIC RADIATION
4
Q
The distance between the top and the bottom peak
A
AMPLITUDE
5
Q
- Number of oscillations of waveforms for given time period
- Usually per second.
A
FREQUENCY
6
Q
- Distance between two successive peaks, in a series of waves
- The measurement is horizontal
A
WAVELENGTH
7
Q
Wavelength is ___________proportional to Energy and Frequency
A
inversely
8
Q
EMR energy is _________ to frequency and ____________
to wavelength
A
. Directly proportional; inversely proportional
9
Q
The longest wavelength in the visible spectrum is colored?
A
RED
10
Q
Measurement of light intensity
A
PHOTOMETRY
11
Q
The measurement of light intensity at selected wavelengths; uses monochromatic light
A
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
12
Q
- Talks about absorbances
- Way to measure end color intensities and the reactions that
can help us come up with our quantitative results
what type of photometry
A
ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETER
13
Q
“The concentration of a substance is ____________ to the absorbance and inversely proportional to transmittance”
A
directly proportional
14
Q
As light reaches the solution or sample the light coming from
a light source and the one that reaches the sample is known
as ??
A
INCIDENT LIGHT
15
Q
– the solution lets go of or allows to pass through
A
TRANSMITTED LIGHT
16
Q
a solution of exact known concentration
A
standaaard
17
Q
This represents light that passes through a solution
A
transmittance
18
Q
The function of the light source:
A
provide radiant energy
19
Q
- “Wavelength selector”
- The one that isolates the specific wavelength of light that you
need for the test.
A
monochromator
20
Q
Wedged pieces of glass that would rely on the principle of
light bending or refraction
A
prism
21
Q
- Also called “diffraction gratings”
- Has grooves that would diffract light
A
gratings
22
Q
The _________ would simply be in charge of preventing stay light from entering the monochromator.
A
entrance slit
23
Q
The purpose is to focus the light coming from the light source.
A
collimating lens
24
Q
the ____ cuvet has been used when working on the visible region,
A
glass
25
Detects transmitted light and convert it into electrical signals
to be able to generate quantities for the results
photodetector
26
* Also known as a photocell or photovoltaic cell
* Simplest, doesn’t require a power source
barrier layer cell
27
Composed of positive and negative component, a cathode,
and an anode.
phototube
28
Highly sensitive due to electron multiplication through the use
of modified anodes (dynodes)
photomultiplier tube
29
* Measurements can only be done one at a time, you measure
first the standard, then the sample.
* There is only one sample compartment, one cuvet
compartment
single beam
30
* Uses dichroic mirror – used to reflect some light to the other
compartment
double beam in SPACE
31
There are intervals created, at one point light is directed to
the sample, at another point it is directed to the reference
compartment through the rotating chopper
DOUBLE BEAM IN TIME
32
refers to the wavelength at more than ½ of the peak of transmittance.
SPECTRAL BANDPASS OR BANDWIDTH
33
_____________ Accuracy
Use potassium dichromate solutions for assessment
photometric accuracy
34
made possible when a sample you are measuring in the reaction happens on a solid surface.
reflectometry
35
the start of the use of dry slides for chemistry analysis.
Kodak Ektachem Analyzer
36
Basic Working Principle: Electron excitation – flame will be
used to excitable atoms which emit their own radiant energy.
Uses internal standards: Lithium or Cesium
emission flame photometer
37
* We are after the light absorbed by the atoms upon being
dissociated from their chemical bonds.
atomic absorption spectrophotometer
38
* More sensitive than flame photometry and
spectrophotometer techniques.
* It cannot be used for larger molecules (glucose, cholesterol),
they would only involve atoms.
also uses flame
atomic absorption spectrophotometer
39
______________ is used that would accomplish the chemical
bond dissociation by the use of electricity instead of heat.
Graphite furnace
40
* The classic light source – has to be composed of the atom
you are measuring
* Has to be composed by the atom you are going to measure
hallow cathode lamp
41
__________ law - Whatever the wavelength of light emitted
or produced by a particular ion is also the wavelength of light
it absorbs.
Kirchhoff’s
42
* We are after light emission by certain substances.
* Involves light emission but not that sensitive & specific.
* This type of light production is not native to all substances.
luminescence
43
* It involves chemical/redox reaction, involving some enzymes
they end up with light production (what we measure).
* Tends to be more sensitive than ordinary spectrophometery
techniques.
chemiluminescence
44
* Light emission in a triplet excited state.
* Involves unpaired electrons.
* Much longer decay time →
phosphorescence
45
* Must have a light source to provide energy (excitation signal)
to wake up the fluorophores. When the fluorophore wakes
up, it will emit its own light.
fluorometry / molecular emission spectrophotometry
46
_______ Signal: The light coming from the light source.
It has a shorter wavelength, thus more energy.
Excitation
47
Difference between the excitation and emission signals in flouremetry
stoke's shift
48
Fluorescence signals decrease because of
these environmental changes.
quenching
49
* Selects the light coming from the light source and produces
what is needed for the fluorophore (selective).
primary monochromator
50
* Positioned at a right angle from the Cuvet.
* wants to avoids light
photodetector
51
* Called as light scattering techniques
* The positive result is not an end color or light emission but
rather formation of particles by certain reactions.
particle formatioln
52
* Measurement of light scattering at various angles by particles
in solution with respect to the light source.
nephelometry
53
* Amount of light blocked by a suspension of particles in
solution.
* Only uses one 180-degree angle
turbidimetry
54
Which technique may be used to measure precipitation
reactions?
A. Atomic Absorption
B. Chemiluminescence
C. Fluorescence
D. Nephelometry
d nephelometry
55
Uses more than one wavelength selector:
A. Atomic Absorption
B. Chemiluminescence
C. Fluorescence
D. Nephelometry
c fluorescence
56
involves measurement of voltage differences between two kinds of electrodes: Reference & Measurement electrodes.
potentiometry
57
Measurement of potential or voltage differences at a constant
current it is governed by the
nernst equation
58
- Most commonly used reference electrode.
- It is composed of mercury and potassium chloride solution.
what type of reference electrode
calomel electrode
59
* Involve Faraday’s Law and electrical current measurements.
* Well-known as a method for chloride measurement.
coulometry and amperometry
60
It is the coulometric and
amperometric technique.
cotlove chloridometer
61
Use for the measurement of PO2
(partial pressure oxygen from BGA) is amperometric.
clark electrode
62
Migrate to the positive (+) electrode which is the
Anode (Anion goes to Anode).
anions
63
You put a particular substance at a particular pH:
- If it is HIGHER than its isoelectric point, then it tends
to become
anionic
64
* Provide a certain pH
* Common routine pH: 8.6
buffer
65
Driving force of electrophoresis
electricity
66
Used to measure intensity of staining of
solid support medium.
densitometers
67
* It is referred to as a procedure that would be based on
physical properties.
chromatography
68
* Widely used and applicable for volatile substances.
* Good and reliable use for drug detection.
gas chromatography
69
Gold standard for drug detection.
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry Technique
70
Was introduced by Technicon in 1957; a contínuous flow,
single channel analyzer
autoanalyzer
71
Introduced by DuPont in 1970; the first discrete analzer
automatic clinical analyzer
72
Runs multiple tests one sample at a time or multiple samples
one test at a time; most popular and versatile type.
discrete analysis
73
LIQUID-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
PARTITION
74
WHICH PART OF A PHOTOMETER SENSES TRANSMITTED LIGHT??
75
WHAT KIND OF EMR WILL BE PRODUCED BY A SILICONE CARBIDE ROD
INFRARED LIGHT
76
