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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY > PRELIMS WEEK 4 > Flashcards

PRELIMS WEEK 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

– depicts light as an energy that tends to travel in waves

A

SINE WAVE MODEL

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2
Q

The shortest wavelength comes from the:

A

Gamma Rays and X-Rays (diagnostic imaging)

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3
Q

Photons or packets of energy that travel in waves

A

ELECTRO-MAGNETIC RADIATION

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4
Q

The distance between the top and the bottom peak

A

AMPLITUDE

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5
Q
  • Number of oscillations of waveforms for given time period
  • Usually per second.
A

FREQUENCY

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6
Q
  • Distance between two successive peaks, in a series of waves
  • The measurement is horizontal
A

WAVELENGTH

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7
Q

Wavelength is ___________proportional to Energy and Frequency

A

inversely

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8
Q

EMR energy is _________ to frequency and ____________
to wavelength

A

. Directly proportional; inversely proportional

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9
Q

The longest wavelength in the visible spectrum is colored?

A

RED

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10
Q

Measurement of light intensity

A

PHOTOMETRY

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11
Q

The measurement of light intensity at selected wavelengths; uses monochromatic light

A

SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

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12
Q
  • Talks about absorbances
  • Way to measure end color intensities and the reactions that
    can help us come up with our quantitative results

what type of photometry

A

ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETER

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13
Q

“The concentration of a substance is ____________ to the absorbance and inversely proportional to transmittance”

A

directly proportional

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14
Q

As light reaches the solution or sample the light coming from
a light source and the one that reaches the sample is known
as ??

A

INCIDENT LIGHT

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15
Q

– the solution lets go of or allows to pass through

A

TRANSMITTED LIGHT

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16
Q

a solution of exact known concentration

A

standaaard

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17
Q

This represents light that passes through a solution

A

transmittance

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18
Q

The function of the light source:

A

provide radiant energy

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19
Q
  • “Wavelength selector”
  • The one that isolates the specific wavelength of light that you
    need for the test.
A

monochromator

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20
Q

Wedged pieces of glass that would rely on the principle of
light bending or refraction

A

prism

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21
Q
  • Also called “diffraction gratings”
  • Has grooves that would diffract light
A

gratings

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22
Q

The _________ would simply be in charge of preventing stay light from entering the monochromator.

A

entrance slit

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23
Q

The purpose is to focus the light coming from the light source.

A

collimating lens

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24
Q

the ____ cuvet has been used when working on the visible region,

A

glass

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25
Q

Detects transmitted light and convert it into electrical signals
to be able to generate quantities for the results

A

photodetector

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26
Q
  • Also known as a photocell or photovoltaic cell
  • Simplest, doesn’t require a power source
A

barrier layer cell

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27
Q

Composed of positive and negative component, a cathode,
and an anode.

A

phototube

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28
Q

Highly sensitive due to electron multiplication through the use
of modified anodes (dynodes)

A

photomultiplier tube

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29
Q
  • Measurements can only be done one at a time, you measure
    first the standard, then the sample.
  • There is only one sample compartment, one cuvet
    compartment
A

single beam

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30
Q
  • Uses dichroic mirror – used to reflect some light to the other
    compartment
A

double beam in SPACE

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31
Q

There are intervals created, at one point light is directed to
the sample, at another point it is directed to the reference
compartment through the rotating chopper

A

DOUBLE BEAM IN TIME

32
Q

refers to the wavelength at more than ½ of the peak of transmittance.

A

SPECTRAL BANDPASS OR BANDWIDTH

33
Q

_____________ Accuracy

Use potassium dichromate solutions for assessment

A

photometric accuracy

34
Q

made possible when a sample you are measuring in the reaction happens on a solid surface.

A

reflectometry

35
Q

the start of the use of dry slides for chemistry analysis.

A

Kodak Ektachem Analyzer

36
Q

Basic Working Principle: Electron excitation – flame will be
used to excitable atoms which emit their own radiant energy.

Uses internal standards: Lithium or Cesium

A

emission flame photometer

37
Q
  • We are after the light absorbed by the atoms upon being
    dissociated from their chemical bonds.
A

atomic absorption spectrophotometer

38
Q
  • More sensitive than flame photometry and
    spectrophotometer techniques.
  • It cannot be used for larger molecules (glucose, cholesterol),
    they would only involve atoms.

also uses flame

A

atomic absorption spectrophotometer

39
Q

______________ is used that would accomplish the chemical
bond dissociation by the use of electricity instead of heat.

A

Graphite furnace

40
Q
  • The classic light source – has to be composed of the atom
    you are measuring
  • Has to be composed by the atom you are going to measure
A

hallow cathode lamp

41
Q

__________ law - Whatever the wavelength of light emitted
or produced by a particular ion is also the wavelength of light
it absorbs.

A

Kirchhoff’s

42
Q
  • We are after light emission by certain substances.
  • Involves light emission but not that sensitive & specific.
  • This type of light production is not native to all substances.
A

luminescence

43
Q
  • It involves chemical/redox reaction, involving some enzymes
    they end up with light production (what we measure).
  • Tends to be more sensitive than ordinary spectrophometery
    techniques.
A

chemiluminescence

44
Q
  • Light emission in a triplet excited state.
  • Involves unpaired electrons.
  • Much longer decay time →
A

phosphorescence

45
Q
  • Must have a light source to provide energy (excitation signal)
    to wake up the fluorophores. When the fluorophore wakes
    up, it will emit its own light.
A

fluorometry / molecular emission spectrophotometry

46
Q

_______ Signal: The light coming from the light source.
It has a shorter wavelength, thus more energy.

A

Excitation

47
Q

Difference between the excitation and emission signals in flouremetry

A

stoke’s shift

48
Q

Fluorescence signals decrease because of
these environmental changes.

A

quenching

49
Q
  • Selects the light coming from the light source and produces
    what is needed for the fluorophore (selective).
A

primary monochromator

50
Q
  • Positioned at a right angle from the Cuvet.
  • wants to avoids light
A

photodetector

51
Q
  • Called as light scattering techniques
  • The positive result is not an end color or light emission but
    rather formation of particles by certain reactions.
A

particle formatioln

52
Q
  • Measurement of light scattering at various angles by particles
    in solution with respect to the light source.
A

nephelometry

53
Q
  • Amount of light blocked by a suspension of particles in
    solution.
  • Only uses one 180-degree angle
A

turbidimetry

54
Q

Which technique may be used to measure precipitation
reactions?
A. Atomic Absorption
B. Chemiluminescence
C. Fluorescence
D. Nephelometry

A

d nephelometry

55
Q

Uses more than one wavelength selector:
A. Atomic Absorption
B. Chemiluminescence
C. Fluorescence
D. Nephelometry

A

c fluorescence

56
Q

involves measurement of voltage differences between two kinds of electrodes: Reference & Measurement electrodes.

A

potentiometry

57
Q

Measurement of potential or voltage differences at a constant
current it is governed by the

A

nernst equation

58
Q
  • Most commonly used reference electrode.
  • It is composed of mercury and potassium chloride solution.

what type of reference electrode

A

calomel electrode

59
Q
  • Involve Faraday’s Law and electrical current measurements.
  • Well-known as a method for chloride measurement.
A

coulometry and amperometry

60
Q

It is the coulometric and
amperometric technique.

A

cotlove chloridometer

61
Q

Use for the measurement of PO2
(partial pressure oxygen from BGA) is amperometric.

A

clark electrode

62
Q

Migrate to the positive (+) electrode which is the
Anode (Anion goes to Anode).

A

anions

63
Q

You put a particular substance at a particular pH:
- If it is HIGHER than its isoelectric point, then it tends
to become

A

anionic

64
Q
  • Provide a certain pH
  • Common routine pH: 8.6
A

buffer

65
Q

Driving force of electrophoresis

A

electricity

66
Q

Used to measure intensity of staining of
solid support medium.

A

densitometers

67
Q
  • It is referred to as a procedure that would be based on
    physical properties.
A

chromatography

68
Q
  • Widely used and applicable for volatile substances.
  • Good and reliable use for drug detection.
A

gas chromatography

69
Q

Gold standard for drug detection.

A

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry Technique

70
Q

Was introduced by Technicon in 1957; a contínuous flow,
single channel analyzer

A

autoanalyzer

71
Q

Introduced by DuPont in 1970; the first discrete analzer

A

automatic clinical analyzer

72
Q

Runs multiple tests one sample at a time or multiple samples
one test at a time; most popular and versatile type.

A

discrete analysis

73
Q

LIQUID-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

A

PARTITION

74
Q

WHICH PART OF A PHOTOMETER SENSES TRANSMITTED LIGHT??

A
75
Q

WHAT KIND OF EMR WILL BE PRODUCED BY A SILICONE CARBIDE ROD

A

INFRARED LIGHT

76
Q
A

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (7 decks)

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