M3 LIPIDS AND LIPOPROTEINS Flashcards by Erika Maranan

building blocks of lipids

fatty acid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Has a phosphoric acid head group in one of the carbons of glycerol and 2 fatty acids

phospholipids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Prevalent glycerol ester in the plasma and adipose tissues
Has 3 fatty acids attached to glycerol

TAG

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

70-75% phosphatidylcholine,
18-20% sphingomyelin,
3-6% ethanolamine and serine, and
4-9% lysophosphatidylcholine

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

– limited water solubility; hydrophobic and hydrophilic portion

AMPHIPATHIC

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

important lipid component in the blood; blame for the presence of cardiovascular diseases

CHOLESTEROL

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______________________is an important rate-limiting enzyme

HMG-CoA (Hydroxy methylglutaryl-CoA) reductase

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Source of primary and secondary bile acids, important sources / precursors of steroid hormones, and Vitamin D

STEROL DERIVATIVES (Cholesterol)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Very important characteristic of lipid

SOLUBILITY

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Same backbone: glycerol (trihydric alcohol)
Potential to esterify max 3 fatty acids

GLYCEROL ESTERS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Actively transported in the body (absorb a lotfrom our diet)
Very hydrophobic molecules

TAG

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Attached to A ring
Presence of a polar hydroxyl group =
amphipathic

FREE/ UNESTERIFIED CHOLESTEROL

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Presence of _______ group gives the molecule the potential to esterify with the fatty acid

hydroxyl

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Function: structure (especially in CNS)
With fatty acid bound to sphingosine

CERAMIDE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

With 5 branched chain units
Intermediates in the production of cholesterol
Includes the fat-soluble vitamins

TERPENES

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

MAJOR LIPID CONSTITUENTS OF THE PLASMA

CHOLESTEROL
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
TRIGLYCERIDE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Its function includes: membrane synthesis, bile acid synthesis, manufacturing vitamin D and steroid hormones

cholesterol

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

: provides stored forms of energy
(go to the adipose tissues)

triglycerides

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Lipids are either hydrophobic or amphipathic

tru or falzze

true yan cia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Transport all the essential lipids in the plasma
Important for the packaging, solubility, and metabolism of lipids

lipoproteins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Influences enzymes in lipid metabolism
Helps bind lipoproteins to cell surface receptors
Primary function: structure

apolipoproteins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

TRIGLYCERIDES + _______________
- Hydrophobic lipids
- Protected from interaction with water
- Core / center of the lipoprotein

CHOLESTEROL ESTERS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

__________________- + CHOLESTEROL (esterified)
- Can be exposed to the aqueous environment
- Together with apolipoproteins (polar)

PHOSPHOLIPIDS (head)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

milky looking plasma

chylomicrons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

- significant to affect plasma clarity - No floating creamy layer - Imparts cloudiness / uniform turbidity

VLDL

- small enough to not scatter light - Does not affect clarity of plasma

LDL

- bad cholesterol - Abundant in cholesterol (culprit of CVD; associated with CVD) - Important function in delivering cholesterol to other parts of the body

LDL

- good cholesterol - Function in lipoprotein metabolism pathway

HDL

- product of VLDL metabolism - In vivo breakdown of VLDL

LDL

- liver; triglycerides from hepatic origin - Transport endogenous triglycerides - Stimulus: eating (high carb diet)

VLDL

- Transports exogenous triglycerides (from diet)

CHYLOMICRONS

pre beta migration

VLDL

migrate the slowest / shortest distance; beta migration

LDL

remain at origin; no migration

chylomicrons

- AKA: Sinking pre β lipoprotein - More dense than VLDL - Migrate at the same region (beta) - Cardiac risk predictor

lipoprotein A

- Abnormal lipoprotein - LCAT deficiency and obstructive liver disease

LIPOPROTEIN C (LpX)

- AKA: Floating β lipoprotein - Migration pattern: beta - Density: lighter than LDL (similar to VLDL) - Elevated in Type III Hyperlipoproteinemia together with IDL - AKA: dysbetalipoproteinemia

β VLDL

- VLDL and LDL are linked to dysbetalipoproteinemia (type 3 Hyperlipoproteinemia)

INTERMEDIATE DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (IDL)

- HDL (A1 – 70%; A2 - 20%) - Can exist together / coexist - A1 - activator of LCAT APO ?

APO A

APO ? - Chylomicrons main lipoprotein

APO B-48

- VLDL, IDL, HDL - Ligand for LDL receptor - Important for removing excess cholesterol through the liver - Liver has LDL receptors that will bind to LDL for removal - Cannot have both B-48 and B-100 APO?

APO B-100

APO ? - Cofactor of lipoprotein lipase - Present in chylomicrons and VLDL

APO C2

- Dietary lipid absorption - Body processes dietary lipids - ABCG5 and ABCG8 transporters

LIPID ABSORPTION PATHWAY

- HDL metabolism - Function: picks up any excess cholesterol LDL left behind

REVERSE CHOLESTEROL PATHWAY

Both chylomicrons and VLDL have APO__ main apolipoprotein

APO C2

catalyzes the transfer of cholesterol (HDL) to VLDL in exchange for phospholipids

CETP

- Involved in VLDL with HDL - Phospholipid transfer protein - Facilitate transfer / conversion of phospholipids (VLDL) to HDL

PLTP

converts free cholesterol into cholesterol esters

LCAT

- Transfer triglycerides to APO containing lipoproteins - Deficiency: abetalipoproteinemia

MTP

- Protein that will bind and internalize LDL

PCSK9

most effective in raising HDL

NIACIN

inhibit HMG CoA reductase; standard treatment for high cholesterol

STATINS

- High LDL = high cholesterol - More cardiac risk than type 1

TYPE 2 (LDL METABOLISM)

- Combined hyperlipoproteinemia (VLDL +LDL) - Increased triglycerides and cholesterol

TYPE 2B

- Elevation of IDL and beta VLDL - Increased triglycerides and cholesterol - Abnormality in Apo E content - Sometimes called the Broad Beta Disease

TYPE 3

PE 5 - Mixed (chylomicrons and VLDL) - Primary manifests as hypertriglyceridemia

TYPPE 5

- Bulk of hypercholesterolemia - Multifactorial elevation of cholesterol - Rule out genetic abnormalities

POLYGENIC (NONFAMILIAL) HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA

- Elevated plant sterols in the plasma

SITOSTEROLEMIA (ABCG5 + ABCG8 DEFECTS)

- LDL is decreased; other apo B lipop

HYPOBETALIPOPROTEINEMIA

- Chylomicron Retention Disease - Absorption problem - Puts more at risk for CVD - Impairs ability to absorb dietary lipids (include fat soluble vitamins)

ANDERSON DISEASE

- Abetalipoproteinemia - Deficient: Lipid deposition on the skin, essential functions are impaired, absorption of lipid soluble vitamins (defect in LCAT)

BASSEN KORNZWEIG SYNDROME

- Initial CHCl3 extraction and silicic acid chromatography - Reactions: saponification, oxidation - End product: pink chromophore

CDC REFERENCE METHOD

- No prior treatment and separation procedures - Uses 2 reagents (depends on manufacturers)

HOMOGENEOUS ASSAYS

- Homogenous - No prior treatment and separation is needed - Direct measurements = no derivations / calculations (actual LDL measurement) - 2 reagents

DIRECT LDL MEASUREMENT

_______ FORMULA - VLDL is obtained when TAG is divided by 2.825 (mmol/L) or 6.5 (mg/dL)

DE LONG FORMULA

________ FORMULA - VLDL is obtained when TAG is divided by 2.175 (mmol/L) or 5.0 (mg/dL)

FRIEDEWALD