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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY > M3 LIPIDS AND LIPOPROTEINS > Flashcards

M3 LIPIDS AND LIPOPROTEINS Flashcards

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1
Q

building blocks of lipids

A

fatty acid

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2
Q

Has a phosphoric acid head group in one of the carbons of glycerol and 2 fatty acids

A

phospholipids

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3
Q
  • Prevalent glycerol ester in the plasma and adipose tissues
  • Has 3 fatty acids attached to glycerol
A

TAG

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4
Q

70-75% phosphatidylcholine,
18-20% sphingomyelin,
3-6% ethanolamine and serine, and
4-9% lysophosphatidylcholine

A

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

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5
Q

– limited water solubility; hydrophobic and hydrophilic portion

A

AMPHIPATHIC

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6
Q

important lipid component in the blood; blame for the presence of cardiovascular diseases

A

CHOLESTEROL

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7
Q

_______________________is an important rate-limiting enzyme

A

HMG-CoA (Hydroxy methylglutaryl-CoA) reductase

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8
Q

Source of primary and secondary bile acids, important sources / precursors of steroid hormones, and Vitamin D

A

STEROL DERIVATIVES (Cholesterol)

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9
Q

Very important characteristic of lipid

A

SOLUBILITY

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10
Q
  • Same backbone: glycerol (trihydric alcohol)
  • Potential to esterify max 3 fatty acids
A

GLYCEROL ESTERS

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11
Q
  • Actively transported in the body (absorb a lotfrom our diet)
  • Very hydrophobic molecules
A

TAG

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12
Q
  • Attached to A ring
  • Presence of a polar hydroxyl group =
    amphipathic
A

FREE/ UNESTERIFIED CHOLESTEROL

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13
Q

Presence of _______ group gives the molecule the potential to esterify with the fatty acid

A

hydroxyl

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14
Q
  • Function: structure (especially in CNS)
  • With fatty acid bound to sphingosine
A

CERAMIDE

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15
Q
  • With 5 branched chain units
  • Intermediates in the production of cholesterol
  • Includes the fat-soluble vitamins
A

TERPENES

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16
Q

MAJOR LIPID CONSTITUENTS OF THE PLASMA

A

CHOLESTEROL
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
TRIGLYCERIDE

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17
Q

Its function includes: membrane synthesis, bile acid synthesis, manufacturing vitamin D and steroid hormones

A

cholesterol

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18
Q

: provides stored forms of energy
(go to the adipose tissues)

A

triglycerides

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19
Q

Lipids are either hydrophobic or amphipathic

tru or falzze

A

true yan cia

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20
Q
  • Transport all the essential lipids in the plasma
  • Important for the packaging, solubility, and metabolism of lipids
A

lipoproteins

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21
Q
  • Influences enzymes in lipid metabolism
  • Helps bind lipoproteins to cell surface receptors
  • Primary function: structure
A

apolipoproteins

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22
Q

TRIGLYCERIDES + _______________
- Hydrophobic lipids
- Protected from interaction with water
- Core / center of the lipoprotein

A

CHOLESTEROL ESTERS

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23
Q

__________________- + CHOLESTEROL (esterified)
- Can be exposed to the aqueous environment
- Together with apolipoproteins (polar)

A

PHOSPHOLIPIDS (head)

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24
Q

milky looking plasma

A

chylomicrons

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25
Q
  • significant to affect plasma clarity
  • No floating creamy layer
  • Imparts cloudiness / uniform turbidity
A

VLDL

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26
Q
  • small enough to not scatter light
  • Does not affect clarity of plasma
A

LDL

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27
Q
  • bad cholesterol
  • Abundant in cholesterol (culprit of
    CVD; associated with CVD)
  • Important function in delivering
    cholesterol to other parts of the body
A

LDL

28
Q
  • good cholesterol
  • Function in lipoprotein metabolism
    pathway
A

HDL

29
Q
  • product of VLDL metabolism
  • In vivo breakdown of VLDL
A

LDL

30
Q
  • liver; triglycerides from hepatic origin
  • Transport endogenous triglycerides
  • Stimulus: eating (high carb diet)
A

VLDL

31
Q
  • Transports exogenous triglycerides
    (from diet)
A

CHYLOMICRONS

32
Q

pre beta migration

A

VLDL

33
Q

migrate the slowest / shortest distance; beta migration

A

LDL

34
Q

remain at origin; no migration

A

chylomicrons

35
Q
  • AKA: Sinking pre β lipoprotein
  • More dense than VLDL
  • Migrate at the same region (beta)
  • Cardiac risk predictor
A

lipoprotein A

36
Q
  • Abnormal lipoprotein
  • LCAT deficiency and obstructive liver disease
A

LIPOPROTEIN C (LpX)

37
Q
  • AKA: Floating β lipoprotein
  • Migration pattern: beta
  • Density: lighter than LDL (similar to
    VLDL)
  • Elevated in Type III Hyperlipoproteinemia together with IDL
  • AKA: dysbetalipoproteinemia
A

β VLDL

38
Q
  • VLDL and LDL are linked to
    dysbetalipoproteinemia (type 3
    Hyperlipoproteinemia)
A

INTERMEDIATE DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (IDL)

39
Q
  • HDL (A1 – 70%; A2 - 20%)
  • Can exist together / coexist
  • A1 - activator of LCAT

APO ?

A

APO A

40
Q

APO ?
- Chylomicrons main lipoprotein

A

APO B-48

41
Q
  • VLDL, IDL, HDL
  • Ligand for LDL receptor
  • Important for removing excess
    cholesterol through the liver
  • Liver has LDL receptors that will bind
    to LDL for removal
  • Cannot have both B-48 and B-100

APO?

A

APO B-100

42
Q

APO ?
- Cofactor of lipoprotein lipase
- Present in chylomicrons and VLDL

A

APO C2

43
Q
  • Dietary lipid absorption
  • Body processes dietary lipids
  • ABCG5 and ABCG8 transporters
A

LIPID ABSORPTION PATHWAY

44
Q
  • HDL metabolism
  • Function: picks up any excess cholesterol LDL left behind
A

REVERSE CHOLESTEROL PATHWAY

45
Q

Both chylomicrons and VLDL have
APO__ main apolipoprotein

A

APO C2

46
Q

catalyzes the transfer of cholesterol (HDL) to VLDL in exchange for phospholipids

A

CETP

47
Q
  • Involved in VLDL with HDL
  • Phospholipid transfer protein
  • Facilitate transfer / conversion of
    phospholipids (VLDL) to HDL
A

PLTP

48
Q

converts free cholesterol into
cholesterol esters

A

LCAT

49
Q
  • Transfer triglycerides to APO containing lipoproteins
  • Deficiency: abetalipoproteinemia
A

MTP

50
Q
  • Protein that will bind and internalize LDL
A

PCSK9

51
Q

most effective in raising HDL

A

NIACIN

52
Q

inhibit HMG CoA reductase; standard
treatment for high cholesterol

A

STATINS

53
Q
  • High LDL = high cholesterol
  • More cardiac risk than type 1
A

TYPE 2 (LDL METABOLISM)

54
Q
  • Combined hyperlipoproteinemia (VLDL +LDL)
  • Increased triglycerides and cholesterol
A

TYPE 2B

55
Q
  • Elevation of IDL and beta VLDL
  • Increased triglycerides and cholesterol
  • Abnormality in Apo E content
  • Sometimes called the Broad Beta Disease
A

TYPE 3

56
Q

PE 5
- Mixed (chylomicrons and VLDL)
- Primary manifests as hypertriglyceridemia

A

TYPPE 5

57
Q
  • Bulk of hypercholesterolemia
  • Multifactorial elevation of cholesterol
  • Rule out genetic abnormalities
A

POLYGENIC (NONFAMILIAL) HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA

58
Q
  • Elevated plant sterols in the plasma
A

SITOSTEROLEMIA (ABCG5 + ABCG8 DEFECTS)

59
Q
  • LDL is decreased; other apo B lipop
A

HYPOBETALIPOPROTEINEMIA

60
Q
  • Chylomicron Retention Disease
  • Absorption problem
  • Puts more at risk for CVD
  • Impairs ability to absorb dietary lipids (include
    fat soluble vitamins)
A

ANDERSON DISEASE

61
Q
  • Abetalipoproteinemia
  • Deficient: Lipid deposition on the skin, essential functions are impaired, absorption of lipid soluble vitamins (defect in LCAT)
A

BASSEN KORNZWEIG SYNDROME

62
Q
  • Initial CHCl3 extraction and silicic acid chromatography
  • Reactions: saponification, oxidation
  • End product: pink chromophore
A

CDC REFERENCE METHOD

63
Q
  • No prior treatment and separation procedures
  • Uses 2 reagents (depends on manufacturers)
A

HOMOGENEOUS ASSAYS

64
Q
  • Homogenous
  • No prior treatment and separation is needed
  • Direct measurements = no derivations /
    calculations (actual LDL measurement)
  • 2 reagents
A

DIRECT LDL MEASUREMENT

65
Q

_______ FORMULA
- VLDL is obtained when TAG is divided by 2.825
(mmol/L) or 6.5 (mg/dL)

A

DE LONG FORMULA

66
Q

________ FORMULA
- VLDL is obtained when TAG is divided by 2.175
(mmol/L) or 5.0 (mg/dL)

A

FRIEDEWALD

67
Q
A

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (7 decks)

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