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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY > M1 CARBOHYDRATES > Flashcards

M1 CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards

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1
Q

Considered as the simplest
carbohydrate.

A

GLYCOALDEHYDE

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2
Q

the most commonly ingested
polysaccharide by humans.

A

starch and glycogen

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3
Q

Enzyme that hydrolyzes starch to disaccharide in
duodenum

A

amylase

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4
Q

products of salivary amylase

A

dectrins and disaccharides

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5
Q

converts Glucose to Glucose-6-phosphate.

A

glucokinase

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6
Q

When Glucose-6-phosphate is converted to become Glucose-1- phosphate, it will be converted to Glycogen if it is acted upon by ?

A

glycogen synthase

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7
Q

Glycogen will be converted to Glucose-1-phosphate if it is acted upon by?

A

glycogen phosphorylase

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8
Q

In muscles, enzymes are not synthesized but glucose is being released by the muscle

true or falze

A

true

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9
Q

Glucose to pyruvate/lactate

A

glycolysis

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10
Q

Formation of G6P

A

gluconeogenesis

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11
Q

Glycogen to Glucose

A

glycogenolysis

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12
Q

Glucose to Glycogen

A

glycogenesis

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13
Q

Carbohydrates to fats

A

lipogenesis

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14
Q

Decomposition of fats

A

lipolysis

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15
Q

Conversion of lipids and amino acids to become glucose.

It is the formation of glucose from a
non-carbohydrate source.

A

GLUCONEOGENESIS

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16
Q

In case of brief fasting, the _____is the source of glucose

A

LIVER

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17
Q

Tests for glucose requirehow many hours of fasting

A

6-8 hrs

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18
Q

In case of longer than 1 day fasting, _______________ becomes the source of glucose

A

Gluconeogenesis

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19
Q

major hormones controlling blood pressire

A

insulin & glucagon

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20
Q

Responsible for the exocrine function of pancreas.

A

acinar & duct cells

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21
Q

what cell in the pancreatic islet secretes somatostatin

A

delta cells

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22
Q

● Produced by beta cells of the islet of Langerhans.
● Main hypoglycemic agent.

A

insulin

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23
Q

● Causes: Glucose to enter the cell
● Increases:
○ Glycogenesis
○ Lipogenesis
○ Glycolysis
● Decreases:
○ Glycogenolysis

A

insulin

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24
Q

the only hormone responsible for entry of glucose into the cell.

A

insulin

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25
Q

Responsible for increasing the
blood sugar level of the body by increasing the process of
glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.

A

main HYPERGLYCEMIC agent (glucagon)

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26
Q

● Produced by alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans.
● Released during stress & fasting state

A

glucagon

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27
Q

● Causes: Liver breakdown glycogen to release glucose
● Increases:
○ Glycogenolysis
○ Gluconeogenesis

A

glucagon

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28
Q

Main promoter of gluconeogenesis

A

cortisol

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29
Q

the process of producing sugar
from amino acids/fatty acids, or other
non-carbohydrate sources.

A

glucoNEOgenesis

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30
Q

● Produced by Chromaffin cells in Adrenal medulla
● Inhibits insulin
● Increases: Glycogenolysis, Lipolysis
● Released with stress

A

catecholamines

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31
Q

● Cortisol and corticosteroids
● Produced by Adrenal cortex

It counteract the effects of insulin by
decreasing the entry of glucose into the cell.

A

glucocorticoids

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32
Q

➔ It causes decreased entry of glucose to the cell;
counteracting the action of insulin.

A

Growth Hormone: Somatotrophic hormone

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33
Q

It increases blood glucose by stimulating the release of cortisol from adrenal gland (Adrenal cortex).

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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34
Q

Thyroid hormone promoting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
➔ It promotes intestinal absorption of glucose, increasing glucose level in the blood.

A

THYROXINE

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35
Q

○ Increase urine specific gravity
○ Ketones in serum and urine

are the laboratory findings in?

A

hyperglycemia

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36
Q

● Imbalance between glucose utilization and production
● Decreased glucose levels
● Warning signs and symptoms: CNS related
● Whipple’s triad

A

hypoglycemia

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37
Q

Used as an indicator for diagnosis of
hypoglycemia in a normal healthy individual.

A

whipple’’s triad

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38
Q

Diagnostic value for hypoglycemia.

A

<50 mg/dL level of glucose:

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39
Q

● Group of metabolic disorders (Hyperglycemia)
● Cause: Defects in insulin secretion, insulin receptor or
both

A

diabetes mellitus

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40
Q

Glucose Renal Threshold is?

A

160-180 mg/dL

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41
Q

due to excess synthesis of Acetyl CoA
as the body attempts to require energy from stored
fat

A

ketosis

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42
Q

Rare form of DM that are commonly present in adolescents who love
to eat junk foods.

A

Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Youth (MODY)

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43
Q

Also known as: Insulin dependent DM, Juvenile Onset DM, Brittle Diabetes, Ketosis-prone Diabetes

A

type 1 DM

44
Q

● Cause: Cellular mediated autoimmune destruction of B cells of the pancreas
● Insulin dependent to sustain life and prevent ketosis
● Genetic association with HLA DR3 and DR4 (loc at Chromosome 6)

A

TYPE I DM

45
Q

○ Strongly inherited, no B cell autoantibodies, episodic insulin requirements
○ Ketosis may also develop

A

idiopathic type 1 DM

46
Q

Absolute insulin deficiency due to the loss of pancreatic B-cell.

A

INSULINOPENIA

47
Q

Also known as:
Non-Insulin Dependent DM,
Adult Type/Maturity Onset DM,
Stable Diabetes,
Ketosis-Resistant DM,
Receptor-deficient DM

A

TYPE II DM

48
Q

● Cause: Resistance to insulin (cell’s receptor deficient with insulin)
● “Geneticist nightmare”

A

TYPE II DM

49
Q

Absolute insulin deficiency; has presence of ketoacidosis

what type of DM

A

TYPE 1

50
Q

➔ 3P’s: Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia
➔ Rapid weight loss, Hyperventilation, Mental confusion,
Loss of consciousness, Increased heart disease

ARE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF WHAT TYPE OF DM

A

TYPE 1 AND 2

51
Q

: The B-cell of the pancreas has a problem; the pancreas fails to produce insulin

WHAT TYPE OF DM

A

TYPE 1 NGA

52
Q

There is no problem with glucose or insulin; rather there is a deficiency with ADH hormone

A

DIABETES INSIPIDUS

53
Q

Both DM and DI have an increased urine volume

T OR F

A

TRU! POLYURIA SILA

54
Q

High SG due to presence of glucose in urine
DM OR DI

A

DM

55
Q

The C-peptide levels of this DM is DECREASED or UNDETECTABLE

A

TYPE I DM

56
Q

● Any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first
recognition during pregnancy.
● Impaired ability to metabolize carbohydrates.

A

GESTATIONAL DM

57
Q

It is used to check if the pregnant
woman is having Gestational DM.

A

GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST

58
Q

In IMPAIRED FASTING GLUCOSE, the normal blood glucose is

A

70-100 mg/dL

59
Q

best specimen of choice for glucose
measurement.

A

serum

60
Q

It is used to prevent losses of the glucose or the false decrease result of glucose

A

gray top

61
Q

Px: Cupric ions to cuprous ions in an alkaline solution

A

alkaline copper reduction

62
Q

Cupric ions (+1) are
converted to cuprous ions (+2) in an alkaline solution
through the action of the glucose.

what principle

A

oxidation-reduction

63
Q

the reagent used through the
action of glucose and then subjecting it into heat → it will be
converted to become a cuprous ion (+2).

A

alkaline copper tartrate

64
Q

Phosphomolybdic is a reagent used in what method

A

folin-wu

65
Q

modification of Folin-Wu method

A

benedict’s test

66
Q

Uses chromogen. When the end
product was being measured
using chromogen.

A

colorimetric glucose oxidase method

67
Q

Oxygen sensing electrode to
measure oxygen consumption.

A

polarographic glucose oxidase

68
Q

An enzyme that converts Alpha D-glucose to Beta D-glucose.

A

mutarotase

69
Q

● It only measures B-D glucose
● Coupled Enzyme Test (uses two enzymes)
● Product: Gluconic acid and Hydrogen peroxide

A

glucose oxidase method

70
Q

Px: Yellow ferricyanide converted to a colorless ferrocyanide by glucose

A

alkaline ferric reduction

71
Q

It is mainly used for the detection of
glucose but not any other sugar. It could either be used for
the detection of other reducing sugars.

A

hagedorn jensen

72
Q

● Px: Glucose has the ability to form Schiff bases with aromatic amines
● Reagent: Hot acidic solution (Glacial acetic acid)
● Colored compound
● Interference: Galactose and Mannose

A

ortho-toluidine (dubowski method)

73
Q

what causes a false negative in glucose oxidase method

A

bilirubin
uric acd
ascorbic acid

*** BLEACH lng ang false posi

74
Q

It is a non-glucose reducing substance, it could affect the measurement of glucose when glucose oxidase method is used.

A

ascorbic acid

75
Q

● Most specific glucose method
● Reference/Standard method
● Specimen: Serum or plasma collected using Heparin,EDTA, Fluoride, Oxalate, Citrate
● False Decrease: Hemoglobin, Bilirubin

A

hexokinase

76
Q

__________________________________ Method: The enzyme that acts on
glucose uses NADH as its coenzyme.

A

Glucose Dehydrogenase

77
Q

● Important for establishing correct insulin amount
● Strip with glucose oxidase, peroxidase, and chromogen
● Measures B-D glucose

A

dextrostics

78
Q

This test is Useful in: Insulin shock, Hyperglycemic ketonic coma.

A

random blood sugar

79
Q

Random Blood Sugar Normal Result:

A

<140 mg/dL

80
Q

Hyperglycemia: RBS result is

A

> 200 mg/dL

81
Q

Test the blood sugar of the patient
anytime of the day.
➔ Useful in emergency cases

A

random blood sugar

82
Q

● 8-10 hours fasting, commonly used for diagnosis of DM.
● Measure of Glucose homeostasis

A

fasting blood sugar

83
Q

In FBS, Normal Value is

A

70-100 mg/dL

84
Q

● Useful for monitoring glycemic control; blood glucose
is determined 2 hours AFTER a meal.

A

2 hour post prandial blood sugar

85
Q

In PPBS, Good Glycemic Control value is

A

<130 mg/dL

86
Q

● Multiple blood sugar test.
● Determines how well the body metabolizes glucose
over a given time required.

A

glucose tolerance test

87
Q

If the blood sugar of the patient is ≥300 mg/dL, that is the value of glucose where ___________ is felt by the patient

A

severe polydipsia

88
Q

○ Patient should be ambulatory (most important)
○ 8-10 hours fasting
○ Unrestricted diet of 150g carbohydrate/day for 3
days

are requirements for what test

A

glucose tolerance test

89
Q

what is the glucose load To
be given to an adult or pregnant patient.

A

75 grams

90
Q

In collecting FBS:
➔ First Hour: Expect that the glucose level will ?

A

increase shempre uminom ng glucose load ih

91
Q

● Diabetes patients with GIT disorders
● 0.5 g of glucose/kg body weight given thru IV
● Requires Fasting sample
● 1st blood collected after 5 minutes of IV glucose

A

intravenous glucose tolerance test

92
Q

● Glycated Hemoglobin
● Rate of formation is directly proportional to plasma
glucose levels.
● Monitors long term glucose control.

A

glycosylated hemoglobin HbA1c

93
Q

● Purpose: Reflects average blood glucose level for the
previous 2-3 months.
● Specimen: EDTA whole blood
● Reference Range: 4-6% HbA1c = normal

A

glycosylated hemoglobin

94
Q

● Glycosylated or glycated albumin (plasma protein
ketoamine).
● Dependent on albumin lifespan (19 days).
● Reflection of short term glucose control (2-3 weeks).

A

fructosamine

95
Q

● Indicators for pancreatic and insulin secretions (B cell
function)
● Used to monitor response to “Pancreatic surgery”

A

c-peptide test

96
Q

Normal ratio of C peptide: Insulin =

A

5:1 to 15:1

97
Q

● Produce in the liver through metabolism of fatty acid.
● B-hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetic acid ratio = 1:1
● Increase serum acetone = defect in CHO metabolism
● Increases: Diabetes (Type I), High fat diets, Starvation
● Specimen: Urine or Fresh Serum

A

ketones

98
Q

● Reagent: Ferric Chloride
● Mostly reacts with the acetoacetate
ketone body; it produces red color
whenever present.

A

Gerhardt’s Ferric Chloride Test

98
Q

○ Most common GSD
○ Hyperlipidemia (increased lipid level in blood)
○ Severe hypoglycemia (decreased blood glucose)
○ Increase in: Ketones, Lactate, Alanine, Lipids, Uric
acid
○ Glycogen build in the liver (Hepatomegaly)

A

von gierke disease

98
Q

● Reagent: Sodium Nitroprusside
● Measuring or detecting acetoacetic
acid and acetone produces a purple
color in this method.

A

acetest tablets

99
Q

● First sign of diabetic renal nephropathy.
● Result of albumin:creatinine ratio of 30-299 mg/g
creatinine.
● Measured by: Micral test, Dipstick test for urine.

A

albuminuria

100
Q

(Increased galactose in blood)
● Deficiency on one of 3 enzymes involved in galactose
metabolism.

A

galactosemia

101
Q

In Type Ia & Type Ib, we can use the IVGTT to measure the
glucose to detect if there is _________________

A

hypoglycemia

102
Q

In Type IIIa, Type IIIb, & Type IV, there is no ___________
but there is a positive liver enlargement

A

hypoglycemia

103
Q

Type V & Type VII are characterized by having

A

muscular defects

104
Q
A

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (7 decks)

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