Prelims: Uself Flashcards
1
Q
No historical documents if he really existed
A
Socrates
2
Q
There were no known writings but Plato highly regarded him
A
Socrates
3
Q
Credited for his contributions to western philosophy
A
Socrates
4
Q
Gnothi seauton means?
A
Know Thyself (translation of an ancient Greek aphorism)
5
Q
He pointed out that if an individual knows who he or she is, all the basic issues and difficulties in life will vanish and everything will be clearer.
A
Socrates
6
Q
Technique in asking questions (Socrates)
A
Who am I?
What is the purpose of my life?
What am I doing here?
What is justice?
7
Q
means knowing one’s degree of understanding about the world and knowing one’s capabilities and potentials.
A
Self-knowledge (Socrates)
8
Q
Self is achieved and something to work on
A
Self-knowledge (Socrates)
9
Q
He said “Possession of knowledge is virtue and ignorance is vice”
A
Socrates
10
Q
He is a dualist and raised the questions “What is it that when in a body, makes it living?”
A
Socrates
11
Q
It is divine, immortal, intelligible, uniform, indissoluble and ever self consistent and invariable. It is believed to have pre-existed the body and makes the body alive(Socrates)
A
Soul
12
Q
If the soul gives life to the body, it makes the soul and body ____ on each other
A
Dependent
13
Q
According to Socrates, this is human, mortal, multiform, unintelligible, dissoluble and inconsistent
A
Body
14
Q
____ is the release of the soul from the body
A
Death
15
Q
the ____ controls these emotions and actions through proper judgement and reason
A
Soul
16
Q
Ancient Greek philosopher and a student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle
A
Plato
17
Q
He proposed the idea of empirical reality and ultimate reality
A
Plato
18
Q
we experience in the experiential world is fundamentally unreal and is only a shadow or a mere appearance.
A
Empirical reality
19
Q
is real as it is eternal and constitutes abstract universal essence of things
A
Ultimate reality
20
Q
[T/F] Plato proposed that all things in the physical world are unreal as they are immaterial blueprints of objects in the physical world
A
True
20
Q
one of the first philosophers who believed enduring self is represented by the soul
A
Plato
21
Q
He argued that the soul is eternal and constitutes the enduring self, because even after death, the soul continues to exist.
A
Plato
22
Q
He proposed that the existence of past and future is only possible through memory and expectations.
A
St. Augustine
23
Q
______ became one of the important idea in psychology which pertains to the inquiry of the soul then of the mind, consciousness and thought
A
Introspection
24
He proposed that as far as the consciousness can be extended backward to any past action or forward actions to come, it determines the identity of the person.
St. Augustine
25
French philosopher and a mathematician known for "Cogito, ergo sum - I think, therefore I am"
Rene Descartes
26
He said One can always doubt the certainty of things but the very fact that one doubts is something that cannot be doubted
Rene Descartes
27
He believed that the self is "A thinking thing or a substance whose whole essence or nature is merely thinking"
Rene Descartes
28
For ______ Self is nothing else but a mind-body dichotomy. The self is real and not just an illusion. Self is different from the body so self and body exist but differ in existence and reality.
Rene Descartes
29
Canadian-American Philosophres whose work has focused on integrating disciplines of philosophy of mind and neuroscience in a new approach that has been called Neurophilosophy.
Paul and Patricia Churchland
29
[T/F] Action always precedes Thoughts
F
30
integrating disciplines of philosophy of mind and neuroscience in a new approach that has been called ____________.
Neurophilosophy
31
A radical claim that ordinary, common sense understanding of the mind is deeply wrong and that some or all of the mental states posited by common sense do not actually exist.
Eliminative Materialism (Paul and Patricia Churchlands)
32
_______ or common sense is something that is False (The Churchlands)
Folk Psychology
33
They proposed the the self is nothing else but the Brain.
Paul and Patricia Churchland
34
French Phenomenological Philosopher. the constitution of meaning in human experience was his main interest.
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
35
Maurice Merleau-Ponty distinguished the body into 2 types ______ and these 2 are not different bodies "The former is the body as-it-is-lived"
Subjective body (as lived in experience)
Objective Body (as observed and scientifically investigated)
36
It sees human beings as disembodied minds (existing without bodies) nor complex machines.
We are living creatures whose consciousness is actualized in the forms of their physicals involvement with the worlds.
The body is a general medium for having a world and we know it is not through our intellect but through experiences
Self as embodied subjectivity
37
[T/F] consciousness cannot simply be immaterial but must be embodied
True
38
Proposed that Mind and Body are essentials correlate
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
39
[T/F] Consciousness is both perceiving and engaging
True
40
"I am my body" = He accepts the idea of mental states but also suggests that the use of the mind is inseparable from our bodily, situated, physical nature.
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
41
He argued that self is not biological but social. Self is something that is developed through social interaction. developed as one grows and ages. Self is constructed by directly engaging in the world through interaction and through reflections on those interactions.
George Mead
42
Self has 2 parts according to George Mead
Self awareness and Self Image
43
It is the conscious knowledge of one's own character, feelings, motives and desires
Self-awareness
44
It is the idea one has of one's abilities, appearance and personality.
Self-image
45
[T/F] In order for interaction to prosper, each person involved does not need to correctly interpret the meanings of symbols and intentions of others.
False
46
Is the process in which one takes on the role of another by putting oneself in the position of the person with whom they interacts.
Role Playing
47
[T/F] Through role playing, the individual develops a concept of self and able to reflect on oneself
True
48
3 Stages of Development
Imitation or preparatory stage
Play Stage
Game Stage
49
the stage where a child imitates the behavior of their parents
Imitation / Preparatory Stage
50
the stage where a child plays the roles of others such as acting teacher, soldier, carpenter etc.
Play Stage
51
The stage where the child comes to themselves from the perspective of other people
Game Stage
52
[T/F] For Mead, all humans experience internal conversation
True
53
For him, the self is essentially a process going on between the I and Me
George Mead
54
___ is the phase of the self that is unsocialized and spontaneous. It is the acting part of the self, and immediate response to other people. It represents the self that is free and unique.
I (George Mead)
55
The subjective part of the self
I (George Mead)
56
The ___ is the self that results from the progressive stages of role playing or role-taking and the perspective one assumes to view and analyze one's own behaviors. It is the organization of the internalized attitude of others
Me (George Mead)
57
It represents the conventional and objective part of the self
Me (George Mead)
58
Mead described it as an organized community or social group which gives to the individual or her unity of self
Generalized others
59
[T/F] the attitude of generalized others is not the attitude of the entire community
False
60
proposed the looking glass self
Charles Horton Cooley
61
In this view, the self is developed as a result of one's perceptions of other people's opinions. People are the way they are partly because of other people's reactions
The Looking Glass Self
62
According to the looking glass self, self is built through social interaction that involves 3 steps:
1. People imagine how they must appear to others
2. They imagine the judgement on that appearance.
3. They develop themselves through judgement of others.
63
For French philosopher ____ the self is also seen as a product of modern discourse that is socially and historically conditioned
Michael Foucault
64
4 Postmodernist ideas about the self (Anderson 1997)
1. Multiphrenia
2. Protean
3. De-centered
4. Self-in-relation
65
____ refers to the many different voices speaking "who we are what we are"
Multiphrenia
66
___ A self capable of changing constantly to fit the present conditions
Protean
67
___ a belief that there is no self at all since the self is constantly being redefined or constantly undergoing changes
De-centered
68
___ means that humans do not live their lives in isolation but in relation to people and to certain cultural context
self-in-relation
69
[T/F] For Mead, the self is shaped by the outside forces and that is why there is I self for him.
False (There is no "I" self for him)
70
[T/F] for postmodernists, people have no fixed identities which are separable from their surroundings and which remain the same even though certain characteristics and conditions may change.
T
71
In traditional society: a person's status is determined by their ____
In modern society: a person's status is defined by their _____
Role, Achievement
72
For ___ the self is a text written from the moment to moment according to the demands of multitude social context
Foucault
73
Postmodern social conditions is dominated by 2 realities
1. Rise of new media technologies.
2. Dominance of consumerism
74
He argued that the predicament of the self in postmodern society is complicated by the advent of electronic mediated virtual interactions of cyberselves and the spread of information technology
Lyon (1997)
75
___ posited that the self is "digitalized" in cyberspace
Green (1997)
76
[T/F] Every little piece of info that you post on the internet becomes raw data from which someone out there can piece together an identity, a virtual version of who you are
True
77
derived from the Latin word cultura or cultus meaning care or cultivation
Culture
78
____ is the way they see themselves as an individual
Personal Identity
79
____ is the way they see themselves as a member of a certain group
Collective Identity
80
Refers to who a person is, the qualities and traits that makes an individual different from others
Identity
81
_____ is where people came from
Geographical context
82
____ refers to the identity or feeling of belongingness to a certain culture group
cultural identity
83
It is an individuals perception about themselves anchored on
Race
Gender
Nationality
Religion
Ethnicity
Language
84
This theory explains why a person acts or behave the way they do
Cultural Identity Theory
85
[T/F] A single person can possess multiple identities, simultaneously making them a part of many cultural group
True
86
___ is a group of people built on the premise of shared customs, traditions, religion, language, art, history and more
Nation
87
___ refers to the identity or feeling of belongingness to one state or nationn
National identity
88
The political scientist who defined national identity as "a body of people who feel that they are a nation"
Rupert Emerson
89
___ is socially constructed. It's influence and shaped by material and non-material cultures
National Identity
90
National Flag, Emblem, Seal, Represents all the people who are part of a nation
Material Culture
91
Embodies shared understanding of a group of people which includes: Norms, Beliefs, Traditions
Non-material Culture
92
one must identify themselves with an in-group and differentiate themselves from out-group
Self -categorization
93
3 Fundamental Selves
Individual Self
Relational Self
Collective Self
94
[T/F] national identity does note require the process of self categorization
False
95
The self that reflects the cognition related to traits states and behaviors that are stored in memory.
Individual Self
96
The self that reflects the cognition related to one's relationships
Relational Self
97
The self that reflects the cognition related to one's group
Collective Self
98
This term is introduced by Anthony Wallace and Raymond Fogelson
Identity Struggles
99
American philosopher and psychologist who divided an individual's perception of the self into 2 categories - Me and I.
William James
100
For ______, a human being has the capacity to be a thinking subject and the object of their thinking at the same time.
As a thinking subject, an individual is both conscious of their environment and conscious of their existence
William James.
101
The perception of self responsible for the thinking and makes awareness and self-awareness possible
I (William James)
102
The perception of self when they make themselves the object of their own thinking
Me (William James)
103
William James claimed that in understanding self, the self can be contextualized in 3 categories
1. The feelings and emotions aroused in the individual (Self-feelings)
2. Constituents of the self (Self knowledge?)
3. The actions the self prompts (Self-seeking)
104
Context of the self that refers to the further sub categories of the self. (including the material self, social self, spiritual self and pure ego)
Constituents of the self (Self knowledge?)
105
Context if the self where the effort of every individual to persevere and improve oneself based on one's self-knowledge and self feelings.
The actions the self prompts (self-seeking)
106
Constituents of the self according to James's Self Theory
1. Material Self
2. Social Self
3. Spiritual Self
4. Pure Ego
107
Constituents of the self according to James's Self Theory that consists of one's body, clothes, family, home and other material possessions that they value and regard as their won
Material Self
108
Constituents of the self according to James's Self Theory that connotes the image of an individual in the eyes of the people around them which determines their reputation in society
Social Self
109
Constituents of the self according to James's Self Theory that includes one's thoughts, beliefs and feelings
Spiritual self
110
Constituents of the self according to James's Self Theory that is the most puzzling aspect of the self
Pure Ego
111
American psychologist who was among the founders of the humanistic approach to psychology.
Carl Rogers
112
He believed that self does not exist at birth. It is developed gradually during childhood wherein one differentiates the self from non-self
Carl Rogers
113
He proposed the by means of free choice and action, one can shape himself based on what they want to be
Carl Rogers
114
______ is an agreement between the selves, which happens when the ideal self is closer to the real self.
Congruence
115
the self which is who the individual actually is, intrinsically.
It's the self that feels closest t how one identifies with.
is one's self image
Real Self
116
[T/F] Real self is one's self image
True
117
The self which is the perception of what a person would like to be or thinks they would be.
It is the idealized image that has developed over time based on the influence of the environment and the people one interacts with.
Ideal Self
118
[T/F] People with congruent selves are less likely to attain self-actualization compare to those with incongruent selves.
False
119
[T\F] Self-worth is high when the real self and ideal self are close to each other
True
120
_______ is defined as the totality of complex, organized and dynamic system of learned beliefs, attitudes and opinions that each person holds or be true about their personal existence.
It is a social product, developing out of interpersonal relationships and striving for consistency
Self-concept
121
Self that begins when an individual recognizes their existence as a separate entity from others and realizes that they will continue to exist over a period of time and space.
Starts from infancy up to early childhood
Existential self
122
the self that starts after a child recognizes their existence as a separate entity and becomes aware that they are an object int the world.
An individual starts to categorize themselves in terms of age, sex, height and weight
Categorical Self
123
3 components of self-concept. Rogers believed that the self is composed of concepts unique to every individual.
1. Self-worth or Self-esteem
2. Self-image
3. Ideal Self
124
is what one thinks about oneself. This develops in early childhood stage resulting from interaction of the child with their parents
Self-worth / Self-esteem
125
Is how one sees themselves, which is important for good psychological health. Includes the influence of body image on inner personality
Self-image
126
Is the person that one wants to be. It consists of one's dreams and goals in life, and it's continuously changing
Ideal Self
127
Is the Model that looks into a human being in their totality as an indivisible identity that cannot be broken down into parts.
Global Model
128
_____ is guided by the principle that "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts"
Gestalt's Psychology
129
____ is guided by the principle that "human beings, as humans, supersede the sum of their parts" That cannot be reduced to components.
Humanistic Psychology
130
[T/F] Both Gestalt and Humanistic psychology focus on the totality of the self.
True
131
Is the model that looks into a human being through examining its parts for it is divisible or can be broken down into components
Differentiated Models
132
An Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
132
For Sigmund Freud the psych is composed of 3 parts:
id
ego
superego
133
this part of the psych exists since birth (instinct)
serves as a storeroom of wishes and obsessions related to sexual and aggressive desires
Seeking pleasure and avoids pain
driven by libido (sexual energy)
if it is dominant, an EGOISTIC, BOORISH and BARBARIC BRUTE emerges
ID
133
this part of the psych operates according to the reality principle
this structure's role is to maintain equilibrium between the demands of id and superego in accordance to what is best in practical reality
developed by personal experiences and adheres to principles of reason and logic
it it is dominant it turns out BRILLIANT, CREATIVE and EMOTIONALLY BALANCED INDIVIDUAL
Ego
133
this part of the psych operates according tot the morality principle
it ensures compliance with norms, values and standards imposed by society.
it is developed by means of socialization in various agents like home, school, church and others
2 systems: conscience and the ideal self
if it is dominant, a LAW-ABIDING, MORALLY UPRIGHT, GOD-FEARING and SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE INDIVIDUAL APPEARS
Superego
134
Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who founded analytical psychology.
Carl Jung
135
For Carl Jung , the human psyche is divided into 3 parts
The Ego
The Personal Unconscious
The Collective Unconscious
136
The part of the psych which is the center of consciousness. It is the person's sense of identity and existence. It organizes thoughts, feelings, senses and intuition
The ego
137
The part of the psych which reffers to all information stored in a person's mind that are readily accessible at conscious recall
The personal unconscious
138
The part of the psych which refers to the unconscious mind shared by all human beings such as instrincts and archetypes
The collective unconscious
139
Canadian-American psychologist.
for him, people are not merely passive entities molded by environmental forces or driven by inner influences.
Albert Bandura
140
To be an agent means_____
to be capable of intentionally influencing one's own functionality and life circumstances.
141
this ______ theory rejects the notion that the selfhood is culturally influenced or controlled by urges. Rather, it looks upon every human being as capable of thinking, deciding, foreseeing and controlling his or her actions, free to decide for themselves.
This capability is coined as ____
Agentic Theory of The Self
Human Agency
142
4 core properties of human agency according to albert bandura.
Intentionality
Forethought
Self-reactiveness
Self-reflection
143
core property of human agency that is manifested in how an individual forms intentions with action plans and strategies to realize them
Intentionality
143
core properties of human agency that refers to how an individual positions their plans in the future
Forethought
144
Allows the person to set goals that are better and higher than the former, challenging capabilities and making him wiser and self-actualized individual
Self-regulation
144
core properties of human agency that shows agents are not only planners and fore-thinkers, but also self-regulators. The goals that the person wants to reach should be clear and specific
Self-Reactiveness
145
core properties of human agency that signifies people are capable of self-examining their own functioning.
Self-reflection
146
[T/F] Bandura's theory views the self not as a person but as a distinct entity responsible for bearing information and regulating behavior.
False
147
It is an orientation concerned with the independence and self-reliance of the individual.
Individualism
148
It is an orientation characterized by belongingness To larger groups or collectives
Collectivism
149
Culture which puts more emphasis on promoting the individual and the immediate family's welfare
Individualistic cultures
150
Culture which gives more importance to loyalty to the in-group, which in turn takes care of the individual's welfare
Collectivism Cultures
151
Foregrounds that a human being has a self, as an individual, and is a person
Individualism
152
stresses that an individual has "many selves" instead of having one knowable self.
Collectivism
153
[T/F] Western conception of the self is individualistic
True
154
[T/F] Eastern conception of the self is individualistic
False
155
Individualism emphasizes on the uniqueness of every individual and is predicated on _______ or ______
egoism, self-orientedness
156
Collectivism is _____ because it encourages people to be kind, benevolent, charitable, dependable and sensitive to the needs of others.
others-oriented
157
_____ prioritizes the needs and goals of society over the needs and desires of every individual.
It puts more importance on belongingness to a large group and emphasizes social obligations
Individual behaviour is guided by adjustments to social demands and situations
Collectivism
158
[T/F] Individualism promotes isolation
False
159
There is no such thing as the ATMAN (self). where the atman is impossible to perceive by one's senses for it does not actually exist in any metaphysical, material and spiritual level.
Buddhism
160
In Buddhism, ____ is regarded as an illusion, an imaginary concept born as a product of evolved consciousness and misguided thinking of humans
ATMAN (self)
161
What Philosophy refutes the idea of enduring self
Buddhism
162
What philosophy claimed that humans have no real knowledge or clear proof of claiming that there is a self. Everything is just an illusion, a flux of momentary perceptions, thoughts and feelings.
Buddhism
163
_____ does not consider humans as individual with a fixed and unified identity. Instead a human being is a product of 5 changing processes that experiences them all
Buddhism
164
In ______ the "I", "Me" and "Myself" are process of identification are believed to be hidden from awareness. Instead one can identify with their body, feelings, thoughts or with images, patterns, roles and archetypes/
Buddhism
165
[T/F] Buddhist terms, the ANATTA (no-self) is a denial of existence
False
166
[T/F] Buddhism tries to reject that the conception of self as unchanging and separate unto itself
True
167
[T/f] The Buddhist version of the creation of human being is taken from the Hinduism's "Story of Creation" in the Upanishads
True
168
____ is the way of life propagated by Confucius which regards an individual as a member of a larger whole, not as a separate being.
Confucianism
169
The ethical teaching of Confucius are based on human relationships as reflected in his concept of 5 cardinal relationships or 5 Bonds:
King and his subject
Father and Son
Husband and Wife
Between Brothers
Between Friends
170
According to ___ individual identity is defined by membership in the reference group to which one belongs. This identity is called RELATIONAL SELF.
Confucius
171
The ______ is the condition to respond to perception, not of it's own needs and aspirations but of social requirements and obligations
Subdued Self
172
To subdue self means t practice ____. Which means human-heartedness; the hallmark of Confucian ethics.
It is a Confucian virtue characterized altruistic behavior that must be nurtured in every person
Ren
173
_____ emphasizes living with harmony with TAO (way or path), is a religion and a philosophy at the same time
Taoism
174
____ is nothing but the expression of the unity of the universe and of the path which human beings must take to preserve unity.
It is the core concept of Taoist beliefs and practices.
It is referred to as the life force that surrounds and flows through all living and non-living things, and that balances, orders, unifies and connects them.
Tao
175
What philosophy does not support the philosophical teachings of Confucious about self and society.
Taoism
176
[T/F] Knowledge of the universe or nature can be attained by studying self according to Buddhism. Since they regard the human body as miniature of the universe as an extension of the cosmos
False (According to Taoism)
177
[T/F] Hinduism view about the self was written in the Upanishads "Story of creation" which tells the origin of the universe and of humans.
True
178
In Hinduism ____ is referred to as the self, spirit, or soul, is the same self described creation
ATMAN
179
In Hinduism ATMAN is one with the _____ which means the absolute transcendental power
BRAHMAN
180
By being identified with the ____, the ATMAN indicates true self which underlies one's existence
BRAHMAN
