Prelims: Uself Flashcards by Lianne Reigne

No historical documents if he really existed

Socrates

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There were no known writings but Plato highly regarded him

Socrates

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Credited for his contributions to western philosophy

Socrates

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Gnothi seauton means?

Know Thyself (translation of an ancient Greek aphorism)

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He pointed out that if an individual knows who he or she is, all the basic issues and difficulties in life will vanish and everything will be clearer.

Socrates

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Technique in asking questions (Socrates)

Who am I?
What is the purpose of my life?
What am I doing here?
What is justice?

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means knowing one’s degree of understanding about the world and knowing one’s capabilities and potentials.

Self-knowledge (Socrates)

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Self is achieved and something to work on

Self-knowledge (Socrates)

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He said “Possession of knowledge is virtue and ignorance is vice”

Socrates

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He is a dualist and raised the questions “What is it that when in a body, makes it living?”

Socrates

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It is divine, immortal, intelligible, uniform, indissoluble and ever self consistent and invariable. It is believed to have pre-existed the body and makes the body alive(Socrates)

Soul

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If the soul gives life to the body, it makes the soul and body ____ on each other

Dependent

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According to Socrates, this is human, mortal, multiform, unintelligible, dissoluble and inconsistent

Body

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____ is the release of the soul from the body

Death

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the ____ controls these emotions and actions through proper judgement and reason

Soul

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Ancient Greek philosopher and a student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle

Plato

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He proposed the idea of empirical reality and ultimate reality

Plato

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we experience in the experiential world is fundamentally unreal and is only a shadow or a mere appearance.

Empirical reality

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is real as it is eternal and constitutes abstract universal essence of things

Ultimate reality

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[T/F] Plato proposed that all things in the physical world are unreal as they are immaterial blueprints of objects in the physical world

True

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one of the first philosophers who believed enduring self is represented by the soul

Plato

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He argued that the soul is eternal and constitutes the enduring self, because even after death, the soul continues to exist.

Plato

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He proposed that the existence of past and future is only possible through memory and expectations.

St. Augustine

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______ became one of the important idea in psychology which pertains to the inquiry of the soul then of the mind, consciousness and thought

Introspection

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He proposed that as far as the consciousness can be extended backward to any past action or forward actions to come, it determines the identity of the person.

St. Augustine

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French philosopher and a mathematician known for “Cogito, ergo sum - I think, therefore I am”

Rene Descartes

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He said One can always doubt the certainty of things but the very fact that one doubts is something that cannot be doubted

Rene Descartes

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He believed that the self is “A thinking thing or a substance whose whole essence or nature is merely thinking”

Rene Descartes

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For ______ Self is nothing else but a mind-body dichotomy. The self is real and not just an illusion. Self is different from the body so self and body exist but differ in existence and reality.

Rene Descartes

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Canadian-American Philosophres whose work has focused on integrating disciplines of philosophy of mind and neuroscience in a new approach that has been called Neurophilosophy.

Paul and Patricia Churchland

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[T/F] Action always precedes Thoughts

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integrating disciplines of philosophy of mind and neuroscience in a new approach that has been called ____________.

Neurophilosophy

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A radical claim that ordinary, common sense understanding of the mind is deeply wrong and that some or all of the mental states posited by common sense do not actually exist.

Eliminative Materialism (Paul and Patricia Churchlands)

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_______ or common sense is something that is False (The Churchlands)

Folk Psychology

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They proposed the the self is nothing else but the Brain.

Paul and Patricia Churchland

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French Phenomenological Philosopher. the constitution of meaning in human experience was his main interest.

Maurice Merleau-Ponty

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Maurice Merleau-Ponty distinguished the body into 2 types ______ and these 2 are not different bodies “The former is the body as-it-is-lived”

Subjective body (as lived in experience)

Objective Body (as observed and scientifically investigated)

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It sees human beings as disembodied minds (existing without bodies) nor complex machines.

We are living creatures whose consciousness is actualized in the forms of their physicals involvement with the worlds.

The body is a general medium for having a world and we know it is not through our intellect but through experiences

Self as embodied subjectivity

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[T/F] consciousness cannot simply be immaterial but must be embodied

True

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Proposed that Mind and Body are essentials correlate

Maurice Merleau-Ponty

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[T/F] Consciousness is both perceiving and engaging

True

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“I am my body” = He accepts the idea of mental states but also suggests that the use of the mind is inseparable from our bodily, situated, physical nature.

Maurice Merleau-Ponty

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He argued that self is not biological but social. Self is something that is developed through social interaction. developed as one grows and ages. Self is constructed by directly engaging in the world through interaction and through reflections on those interactions.

George Mead

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Self has 2 parts according to George Mead

Self awareness and Self Image

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It is the conscious knowledge of one’s own character, feelings, motives and desires

Self-awareness

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It is the idea one has of one’s abilities, appearance and personality.

Self-image

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[T/F] In order for interaction to prosper, each person involved does not need to correctly interpret the meanings of symbols and intentions of others.

False

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Is the process in which one takes on the role of another by putting oneself in the position of the person with whom they interacts.

Role Playing

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[T/F] Through role playing, the individual develops a concept of self and able to reflect on oneself

True

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3 Stages of Development

Imitation or preparatory stage
Play Stage
Game Stage

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the stage where a child imitates the behavior of their parents

Imitation / Preparatory Stage

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the stage where a child plays the roles of others such as acting teacher, soldier, carpenter etc.

Play Stage

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The stage where the child comes to themselves from the perspective of other people

Game Stage

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[T/F] For Mead, all humans experience internal conversation

True

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For him, the self is essentially a process going on between the I and Me

George Mead

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___ is the phase of the self that is unsocialized and spontaneous. It is the acting part of the self, and immediate response to other people. It represents the self that is free and unique.

I (George Mead)

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The subjective part of the self

I (George Mead)

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The ___ is the self that results from the progressive stages of role playing or role-taking and the perspective one assumes to view and analyze one’s own behaviors. It is the organization of the internalized attitude of others

Me (George Mead)

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It represents the conventional and objective part of the self

Me (George Mead)

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Mead described it as an organized community or social group which gives to the individual or her unity of self

Generalized others

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[T/F] the attitude of generalized others is not the attitude of the entire community

False

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proposed the looking glass self

Charles Horton Cooley

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In this view, the self is developed as a result of one’s perceptions of other people’s opinions. People are the way they are partly because of other people’s reactions

The Looking Glass Self

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According to the looking glass self, self is built through social interaction that involves 3 steps:

People imagine how they must appear to others
They imagine the judgement on that appearance.
They develop themselves through judgement of others.

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For French philosopher ____ the self is also seen as a product of modern discourse that is socially and historically conditioned

Michael Foucault

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4 Postmodernist ideas about the self (Anderson 1997)

Multiphrenia
Protean
De-centered
Self-in-relation

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____ refers to the many different voices speaking “who we are what we are”

Multiphrenia

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___ A self capable of changing constantly to fit the present conditions

Protean

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___ a belief that there is no self at all since the self is constantly being redefined or constantly undergoing changes

De-centered

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___ means that humans do not live their lives in isolation but in relation to people and to certain cultural context

self-in-relation

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[T/F] For Mead, the self is shaped by the outside forces and that is why there is I self for him.

False (There is no “I” self for him)

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[T/F] for postmodernists, people have no fixed identities which are separable from their surroundings and which remain the same even though certain characteristics and conditions may change.

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In traditional society: a person’s status is determined by their ____

In modern society: a person’s status is defined by their _____

Role, Achievement

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For ___ the self is a text written from the moment to moment according to the demands of multitude social context

Foucault

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Postmodern social conditions is dominated by 2 realities

Rise of new media technologies.
Dominance of consumerism

He argued that the predicament of the self in postmodern society is complicated by the advent of electronic mediated virtual interactions of cyberselves and the spread of information technology

Lyon (1997)

___ posited that the self is “digitalized” in cyberspace

Green (1997)

[T/F] Every little piece of info that you post on the internet becomes raw data from which someone out there can piece together an identity, a virtual version of who you are

True

derived from the Latin word cultura or cultus meaning care or cultivation

Culture

____ is the way they see themselves as an individual

Personal Identity

____ is the way they see themselves as a member of a certain group

Collective Identity

Refers to who a person is, the qualities and traits that makes an individual different from others

Identity

_____ is where people came from

Geographical context

____ refers to the identity or feeling of belongingness to a certain culture group

cultural identity

It is an individuals perception about themselves anchored on

Race
Gender
Nationality
Religion
Ethnicity
Language

This theory explains why a person acts or behave the way they do

Cultural Identity Theory

[T/F] A single person can possess multiple identities, simultaneously making them a part of many cultural group

True

___ is a group of people built on the premise of shared customs, traditions, religion, language, art, history and more

Nation

___ refers to the identity or feeling of belongingness to one state or nationn

National identity

The political scientist who defined national identity as “a body of people who feel that they are a nation”

Rupert Emerson

___ is socially constructed. It’s influence and shaped by material and non-material cultures

National Identity

National Flag, Emblem, Seal, Represents all the people who are part of a nation

Material Culture

Embodies shared understanding of a group of people which includes: Norms, Beliefs, Traditions

Non-material Culture

one must identify themselves with an in-group and differentiate themselves from out-group

Self -categorization

3 Fundamental Selves

Individual Self
Relational Self
Collective Self

[T/F] national identity does note require the process of self categorization

False

The self that reflects the cognition related to traits states and behaviors that are stored in memory.

Individual Self

The self that reflects the cognition related to one’s relationships

Relational Self

The self that reflects the cognition related to one’s group

Collective Self

This term is introduced by Anthony Wallace and Raymond Fogelson

Identity Struggles

American philosopher and psychologist who divided an individual’s perception of the self into 2 categories - Me and I.

William James

For ______, a human being has the capacity to be a thinking subject and the object of their thinking at the same time.

As a thinking subject, an individual is both conscious of their environment and conscious of their existence

William James.

The perception of self responsible for the thinking and makes awareness and self-awareness possible

I (William James)

The perception of self when they make themselves the object of their own thinking

Me (William James)

William James claimed that in understanding self, the self can be contextualized in 3 categories

The feelings and emotions aroused in the individual (Self-feelings)
Constituents of the self (Self knowledge?)
The actions the self prompts (Self-seeking)

Context of the self that refers to the further sub categories of the self. (including the material self, social self, spiritual self and pure ego)

Constituents of the self (Self knowledge?)

Context if the self where the effort of every individual to persevere and improve oneself based on one’s self-knowledge and self feelings.

The actions the self prompts (self-seeking)

Constituents of the self according to James’s Self Theory

Material Self
Social Self
Spiritual Self
Pure Ego

Constituents of the self according to James’s Self Theory that consists of one’s body, clothes, family, home and other material possessions that they value and regard as their won

Material Self

Constituents of the self according to James’s Self Theory that connotes the image of an individual in the eyes of the people around them which determines their reputation in society

Social Self

Constituents of the self according to James’s Self Theory that includes one’s thoughts, beliefs and feelings

Spiritual self

Constituents of the self according to James’s Self Theory that is the most puzzling aspect of the self

Pure Ego

American psychologist who was among the founders of the humanistic approach to psychology.

Carl Rogers

He believed that self does not exist at birth. It is developed gradually during childhood wherein one differentiates the self from non-self

Carl Rogers

He proposed the by means of free choice and action, one can shape himself based on what they want to be

Carl Rogers

______ is an agreement between the selves, which happens when the ideal self is closer to the real self.

Congruence

the self which is who the individual actually is, intrinsically.

It’s the self that feels closest t how one identifies with.

is one’s self image

Real Self

[T/F] Real self is one’s self image

True

The self which is the perception of what a person would like to be or thinks they would be.

It is the idealized image that has developed over time based on the influence of the environment and the people one interacts with.

Ideal Self

[T/F] People with congruent selves are less likely to attain self-actualization compare to those with incongruent selves.

False

[T\F] Self-worth is high when the real self and ideal self are close to each other

True

_______ is defined as the totality of complex, organized and dynamic system of learned beliefs, attitudes and opinions that each person holds or be true about their personal existence.

It is a social product, developing out of interpersonal relationships and striving for consistency

Self-concept

Self that begins when an individual recognizes their existence as a separate entity from others and realizes that they will continue to exist over a period of time and space.

Starts from infancy up to early childhood

Existential self

the self that starts after a child recognizes their existence as a separate entity and becomes aware that they are an object int the world.

An individual starts to categorize themselves in terms of age, sex, height and weight

Categorical Self

3 components of self-concept. Rogers believed that the self is composed of concepts unique to every individual.

Self-worth or Self-esteem
Self-image
Ideal Self

is what one thinks about oneself. This develops in early childhood stage resulting from interaction of the child with their parents

Self-worth / Self-esteem

Is how one sees themselves, which is important for good psychological health. Includes the influence of body image on inner personality

Self-image

Is the person that one wants to be. It consists of one’s dreams and goals in life, and it’s continuously changing

Ideal Self

Is the Model that looks into a human being in their totality as an indivisible identity that cannot be broken down into parts.

Global Model

_____ is guided by the principle that “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts”

Gestalt’s Psychology

____ is guided by the principle that “human beings, as humans, supersede the sum of their parts” That cannot be reduced to components.

Humanistic Psychology

[T/F] Both Gestalt and Humanistic psychology focus on the totality of the self.

True

Is the model that looks into a human being through examining its parts for it is divisible or can be broken down into components

Differentiated Models

An Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud

For Sigmund Freud the psych is composed of 3 parts:

id
ego
superego

this part of the psych exists since birth (instinct)

serves as a storeroom of wishes and obsessions related to sexual and aggressive desires

Seeking pleasure and avoids pain

driven by libido (sexual energy)

if it is dominant, an EGOISTIC, BOORISH and BARBARIC BRUTE emerges

this part of the psych operates according to the reality principle

this structure’s role is to maintain equilibrium between the demands of id and superego in accordance to what is best in practical reality

developed by personal experiences and adheres to principles of reason and logic

it it is dominant it turns out BRILLIANT, CREATIVE and EMOTIONALLY BALANCED INDIVIDUAL

Ego

this part of the psych operates according tot the morality principle

it ensures compliance with norms, values and standards imposed by society.

it is developed by means of socialization in various agents like home, school, church and others

2 systems: conscience and the ideal self

if it is dominant, a LAW-ABIDING, MORALLY UPRIGHT, GOD-FEARING and SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE INDIVIDUAL APPEARS

Superego

Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who founded analytical psychology.

Carl Jung

For Carl Jung , the human psyche is divided into 3 parts

The Ego
The Personal Unconscious
The Collective Unconscious

The part of the psych which is the center of consciousness. It is the person’s sense of identity and existence. It organizes thoughts, feelings, senses and intuition

The ego

The part of the psych which reffers to all information stored in a person’s mind that are readily accessible at conscious recall

The personal unconscious

The part of the psych which refers to the unconscious mind shared by all human beings such as instrincts and archetypes

The collective unconscious

Canadian-American psychologist.

for him, people are not merely passive entities molded by environmental forces or driven by inner influences.

Albert Bandura

To be an agent means_____

to be capable of intentionally influencing one’s own functionality and life circumstances.

this ______ theory rejects the notion that the selfhood is culturally influenced or controlled by urges. Rather, it looks upon every human being as capable of thinking, deciding, foreseeing and controlling his or her actions, free to decide for themselves.

This capability is coined as ____

Agentic Theory of The Self
Human Agency

4 core properties of human agency according to albert bandura.

Intentionality
Forethought
Self-reactiveness
Self-reflection

core property of human agency that is manifested in how an individual forms intentions with action plans and strategies to realize them

Intentionality

core properties of human agency that refers to how an individual positions their plans in the future

Forethought

Allows the person to set goals that are better and higher than the former, challenging capabilities and making him wiser and self-actualized individual

Self-regulation

core properties of human agency that shows agents are not only planners and fore-thinkers, but also self-regulators. The goals that the person wants to reach should be clear and specific

Self-Reactiveness

core properties of human agency that signifies people are capable of self-examining their own functioning.

Self-reflection

[T/F] Bandura’s theory views the self not as a person but as a distinct entity responsible for bearing information and regulating behavior.

False

It is an orientation concerned with the independence and self-reliance of the individual.

Individualism

It is an orientation characterized by belongingness To larger groups or collectives

Collectivism

Culture which puts more emphasis on promoting the individual and the immediate family’s welfare

Individualistic cultures

Culture which gives more importance to loyalty to the in-group, which in turn takes care of the individual’s welfare

Collectivism Cultures

Foregrounds that a human being has a self, as an individual, and is a person

Individualism

stresses that an individual has “many selves” instead of having one knowable self.

Collectivism

[T/F] Western conception of the self is individualistic

True

[T/F] Eastern conception of the self is individualistic

False

Individualism emphasizes on the uniqueness of every individual and is predicated on _______ or ______

egoism, self-orientedness

Collectivism is _____ because it encourages people to be kind, benevolent, charitable, dependable and sensitive to the needs of others.

others-oriented

_____ prioritizes the needs and goals of society over the needs and desires of every individual.

It puts more importance on belongingness to a large group and emphasizes social obligations

Individual behaviour is guided by adjustments to social demands and situations

Collectivism

[T/F] Individualism promotes isolation

False

There is no such thing as the ATMAN (self). where the atman is impossible to perceive by one’s senses for it does not actually exist in any metaphysical, material and spiritual level.

Buddhism

In Buddhism, ____ is regarded as an illusion, an imaginary concept born as a product of evolved consciousness and misguided thinking of humans

ATMAN (self)

What Philosophy refutes the idea of enduring self

Buddhism

What philosophy claimed that humans have no real knowledge or clear proof of claiming that there is a self. Everything is just an illusion, a flux of momentary perceptions, thoughts and feelings.

Buddhism

_____ does not consider humans as individual with a fixed and unified identity. Instead a human being is a product of 5 changing processes that experiences them all

Buddhism

In ______ the “I”, “Me” and “Myself” are process of identification are believed to be hidden from awareness. Instead one can identify with their body, feelings, thoughts or with images, patterns, roles and archetypes/

Buddhism

[T/F] Buddhist terms, the ANATTA (no-self) is a denial of existence

False

[T/F] Buddhism tries to reject that the conception of self as unchanging and separate unto itself

True

[T/f] The Buddhist version of the creation of human being is taken from the Hinduism’s “Story of Creation” in the Upanishads

True

____ is the way of life propagated by Confucius which regards an individual as a member of a larger whole, not as a separate being.

Confucianism

The ethical teaching of Confucius are based on human relationships as reflected in his concept of 5 cardinal relationships or 5 Bonds:

King and his subject
Father and Son
Husband and Wife
Between Brothers
Between Friends

According to ___ individual identity is defined by membership in the reference group to which one belongs. This identity is called RELATIONAL SELF.

Confucius

The ______ is the condition to respond to perception, not of it’s own needs and aspirations but of social requirements and obligations

Subdued Self

To subdue self means t practice ____. Which means human-heartedness; the hallmark of Confucian ethics.

It is a Confucian virtue characterized altruistic behavior that must be nurtured in every person

Ren

_____ emphasizes living with harmony with TAO (way or path), is a religion and a philosophy at the same time

Taoism

____ is nothing but the expression of the unity of the universe and of the path which human beings must take to preserve unity.

It is the core concept of Taoist beliefs and practices.

It is referred to as the life force that surrounds and flows through all living and non-living things, and that balances, orders, unifies and connects them.

Tao

What philosophy does not support the philosophical teachings of Confucious about self and society.

Taoism

[T/F] Knowledge of the universe or nature can be attained by studying self according to Buddhism. Since they regard the human body as miniature of the universe as an extension of the cosmos

False (According to Taoism)

[T/F] Hinduism view about the self was written in the Upanishads “Story of creation” which tells the origin of the universe and of humans.

True

In Hinduism ____ is referred to as the self, spirit, or soul, is the same self described creation

ATMAN

In Hinduism ATMAN is one with the _____ which means the absolute transcendental power

BRAHMAN

By being identified with the ____, the ATMAN indicates true self which underlies one’s existence

BRAHMAN

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Prelims: Uself Flashcards

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