Finals: Uself Flashcards
1
Q
They defined learning as a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of practice or process that leads to change as practice or expereinces.
A
Behaviorist
2
Q
They define learning as a process that leads to change as a result of experience
A
Cognitive psychologists
3
Q
___ is the acquisition of knowledge, skills and attitudes, through experiences
A
Learning
4
Q
It is a transformational process that leads to a personal growth.
It helps an individual adapt to the constantly changing environment.
It is important for survival of human beings since it enables them to discover new knowledge, technology and interventions.
A
Learning
5
Q
[T/F] Learning starts at birth and continues throughout life
A
True
6
Q
[T/F]Learning is a constant process that can result from direct and indirect experiences.
A
True
7
Q
Individuals learn from one another through ___ and ___
A
Observation and imitation
8
Q
IDENTIFY THE CHARACTERISTIC OF LEARNING:
Human action is motivated or inspired by one’s aims, goals,
or intentions.
Goals can be short-term or long-term
Learning occurs because it is planned, desired, or even forced.
No matter what the case, there is always a purpose why a person seeks more knowledge.
Research shows that students who set goals tend to be more persistent and are more likely to achieve their goals.
A
Learning is purposeful
9
Q
IDENTIFY THE CHARACTERISTIC OF LEARNING:
Learning is often associated with a change in behavior as a
result of experience.
This entails that learning comes with one’s interaction with the
environment.
Learners may be able to define particular terms, explain
specific concepts, state general principles, or recite certain
provisions of law.
They can make them meaningful only if they understand them
well enough and be able to use and apply then in real-life
situations
A
Learning is a result of experience
10
Q
IDENTIFY THE CHARACTERISTIC OF LEARNING:
“A sound mind in a sound body”
This famous quotation exemplifies the connection between the physical and mental well-being of a person.
In order produce well-rounded graduates, education institutions must hone not only the intellectual but also the physical, social, emotional, and spiritual potentials of learners.
Incidental knowledge, skills, and attitudes are also taught and developed.
A
Learning is Multifaceted
11
Q
IDENTIFY THE CHARACTERISTIC OF LEARNING:
Leaners should not be mere passive receivers of information.
Learning is not rote memorization.
The principle of teaching states that the students should be the center of the learning process.
Students active participation in class activities must be solicited in order for them to fully grasp certain concepts.
A
Learning is an active process
12
Q
What are the 4 characteristics of learning?
A
Learning is Purposeful
Learning is a Result of Experience
Learning is Multifaceted
Learning is an Active Process
13
Q
[T/F] The brain does not undergo changes when it learns
A
False
14
Q
Changes in the brain when learning
A
- Nerve cells may grow and neural networks will then be formed.
- The Strength of existing synaptic connection changes thus functionally changing the connectivity within the existing neural networks in response to a sensory stimuli.
- New synapses are formed between neurons that were nor connected before, thus effectively creating new networks of neurons that when active, represent a new memory.
15
Q
The brain is composed of more than ____ neurons and ____ dendrites and synapses.
A
85 billion (neurons)
10 trillion (dendrites and synapses)
16
Q
___ has been defined as a permanent change in behaviour as a result of experience. Learning requires continuity of behavioral changes.
A
Learning
17
Q
___ is simply defined as cognition about cognition or thinking about thinking.
A
Metacognition
18
Q
Psychologist ____ identifies two components of metacognition:
- Metacognition Knowledge
- Metacognition Regulation
A
John Flavell
19
Q
two components of metacognition:
A
- Metacognition Knowledge
- Metacognition Regulation
20
Q
Zimmerman (2002)defines as the
process in which students systematically direct their thoughts, feelings, and actions toward the attainment of their
academic goals.
A
Self-regulated
Learning (SRL)
21
Q
____
defined Self-regulated
Learning (SRL) as the
process in which students
systematically direct
their thoughts, feelings,
and actions toward the
attainment of their
academic goals.
A
Zimmerman (2002)
22
Q
The 3 essential component of self-regulated learning
A
- Planning
- Problem Solving
- Self Evalluation
23
Q
The component of self-regulated learning that increases efficiency, control, and motivation
A
Planning
24
Q
The component of self-regulated learning that allows students to learn to think and look for solutions
when faced with adversities.
A
Problem Solving
25
The component of self-regulated learning that increases self-awareness that leads to the better
understanding of one's own
emotions, strengths, and
weaknesses.
Self-evaluation
26
___ refer to the attitudes and behaviors of students when preparing for tests or any learning assessment.
Study Habits
27
Some ways to develop a good study habit
1. Get organized
2. Allot time to take a break and eliminate stress.
3. Prepare review material
4. Create or join a study group
5. Ask help.
6. Teach what you have learned.
7. Test yourself or ask someone to test you
8. Study to understand, not to remember.
28
In Albert Bandura’s ____, self-efficacy refers to one’s belief in one’s ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task.
social cognitive theory
29
Who proposed social cognitive theory?
Albert Bandura
30
[T/F] One’s sense of self-efficacy can play a major role in how one approaches goals, tasks and challenges.
True
31
The operative word in the concept of self-efficacy is ____. If a person ____ in himself or herself, then half the battle is already won.
In fact, some people would even have another word for this ___. If one has ___, then nothing is impossible.
"Belief", believes
“Faith”, faith
32
Bandura enumerated ways to strengthen self-efficacy.
1. Mastery experiences
2. Vicarious experiences
3. Verbal persuasion
4. Emotional and Psychological states.
33
refers to first-hand or direct experiences that a person acquires. When the frequency of success is high, there is greater belief in one’s personal efficacy. Likewise, failures discourage one’s belief in accomplishing a task
Mastery Experiences (Albert Bandura’s Theory of Self-Efficacy)
34
It emanates from observing people, especially those that one regards as his or her role models. People choose their own role models. When these models succeed
through hard work, this increases one’s belief that he or she too can succeed.
Vicarious Experiences (Albert Bandura’s Theory of Self-Efficacy)
35
It refers to motivation coming from influential people such as parents, teachers, friends, coaches, and superiors. Statements like “kayang-
kaya mo yan” and “you are the best!” provide very significant motivation, in such a way that
one exerts extra so as not to disappoint these people.
Verbal Persuasion (Albert Bandura’s Theory of Self-Efficacy)
36
Refers to the emotional and physiological conditions that a person is in. A person suffering from depression or undergoing stress will likely have a small percentage of success as
compared to those inspired and
motivated.
Emotional and Physiological States
(Albert Bandura’s Theory of Self-Efficacy)
37
Who coined the Growth Mindset Theory
Carol Dweck’s (Stanford University Professor)
38
2 types of mindset
Fixed Mindset
Growth Mindset
39
Type of mindset that vies problems as opportunities to learn. People believe that new abilities can be developed through practice. Creates a love for learning, and life becomes an exciting journey with endless opportunities to figure out new things and advance.
Growth Mindset
40
Type of mindset that avoids problems out of fear of failing
Basic qualities such as intelligence or talents are fixed traits and these are responsible for success. They like to document past achievements
Fixed Mindset
41
Carol Dweck encouraged teachers and parents to celebrate "trying". Teachers should applaud students of any grade if they study hard. While parents should encourage their children to learn new skills they are interested in. This will help children learn the skill of learning
42
(Carol Dweck) IDENTIFY THE MINDSET:
You either got it or not.
Avoids challenges because they are afraid of looking stupid if they fail
Avoids feedback and takes it personally.
Always takes the easy route
Feels threatened when a friend succeeds. They feel that someones success would put pressure on them to do something more with their life too.
Fixed Mindset
43
(Carol Dweck) IDENTIFY THE MINDSET:
I can learn anything if I want it enough.
Embrace any challenge as an opportunity for growth. Knows failing is part of learning
Understands that one needs feedback for personal growth and learning. Understands that it is not them that is being assessed, but the result of their work.
Practices the harder route
Likes to see others succeed because it inspires them ti improve
Growth Mindset
44
Who quoted:
"Ever tried? Ever failed? No matter. Try again. Fail again. Fail better."
Samuel Becket (Late Irish Poet)
45
In the late 1960s, ______
conducted the first every research on goal setting and motivation. In one of his essays, he mentioned that employees are motivated by
clear goals and appropriate feedback.
He stressed that setting a goal
provides a significant source of motivation which, in turn, improves people’s performance.
Dr. Edwin Locke
46
Who coined the Goal Setting Theory?
Edwin Locke
47
IN LOCKE’S GOAL-SETTING
THEORY, A GOAL (OR OUTCOME)
HAS TWO SIDE:
(1) the mastery goals, where the desire to gain knowledge and skills are reflected
(2) the performance goals where the desire to look competent in other people’s eyes is manifested.
48
IN 1990, ____ and ___ PUBLISHED
A BOOK ENTITLED A
THEORY OF GOAL SETTING
AND TASK PERFORMANCE.
EDWIN LOCKE AND
GARY LATHAM
49
Book oublished by Edwin Locke and Gary Latha
A Theory of Goal Setting and Task Performance
50
Principles of Goal Setting
1. Clarity
2. Challenge
3. Commitment
4. Feedback
5. Task Complexity
51
Principle of goal setting that refers to:
being clear and not vague. A goal must be specific and the person must set a period for its attainment and completion
Clarity
52
Principle of goal setting that refers to:
means that a goal must trigger the knowledge, skills, and abilities of a
person. A goal should require extra effort for its attainment
Challenge
53
Principle of goal setting that refers to:
reflects a person’s dedication towards the attainment of the goals. Attaining a goal requires
sincerity and focus. PRINCIPLES OF
GOAL SETTING5
Commitment
54
Principle of goal setting that refers to:
serves as a mechanism to ensure that everyone sharing the same goal is on the right track and all are in the same direction. Everyone’s actions should be aligned with the set goals.
Feedback
55
Principle of goal setting that refers to:
pushes people to take the extra
mile and work hard. The more
complicated the goal or task,
the higher the motivation will be.
Task Complexity
56
Who coined the Expectancy Theory
Julian Rotter
57
This theory is focused mainly on the expectations that shape a particular
situation. Learning creates cognitions, known as expectancies that guide behaviour.
A person’s decision to engage in behaviour is determined by what the person expects to happen following the behaviour and the value the person places on the outcome.
Expectancy Theory
58
[T/F] For Julian Rotter, behaviour is determined not only by the kinds of consequences that B.F. Skinner called positive reinforcement but also by the expectation that a particular behaviour will result in those consequences.
True
59
Consequences is also called ___ by B.F. Skinner
Positive Reinforcements
60
Who called consequences as positive reinforcements
B.F. Skinner
61
JULIAN ROTTER CLASSIFIED PEOPLE’S LOCUS OF CONTROL INTO TWO:
1. Internal locus
2. External locus
62
(Julian Rotter) Determine the Locus of Control:
If a person has an ____ of control, he or she believes that events are controlled by his or her own efforts. People with this locus of control believe that their achievements and the reinforcements they receive come from the effort they make for
themselves. These individuals “make things happen.” They are active rather than passive.
Internal locus
63
(Julian Rotter) Determine the Locus of Control:
If a person has an _____ of control, he or she believes that events are determined by external forces over which he or she has no control. When these types of people succeed, they attribute their success to chance and luck.
External locus
64
King (2004) Categorized success
1. Mental Success
2. Spiritual Success
3. Personal Success
4. Career Success
5. Financial Success
6. Social Success
7. Physical Success
8. Family Success
65
Who proposed the scenario: Have you ever played basketball without the ring? = Life without purpose is useless
“Success is knowing your purpose in life, growing to reach your maximum potential, and sowing seeds that benefit others. “
John Maxwell
66
King (2004)
Type of success that pertains to understanding and acceptance of one's intellectual abilities, emotions and feelings
Mental Success
67
King (2004)
Type of success that pertains to having a sound body and spirit.
Spiritual Success
68
King (2004)
Type of success that pertains to overcoming ones physical and psychological limitations such as overcoming a phobia
Personal Success
69
King (2004)
Type of success that pertains to achieving milestones in one's career such as getting one's dream job or the desired position in the company
Career Success
70
King (2004)
Type of success that pertains to financial stability- being able to acquire material possessions that one desires and being free from debt and acquisition of material possessions.
Financial Success
71
King (2004)
Type of success that pertains to the respect and recognition one has from the community
Social Success
72
King (2004)
Type of success that pertains to the possession of the desired qualities of one's body.
Physical Success
73
King (2004)
Type of success that pertains to having harmonious and happy family
Family Success
74
[T/F] People are free to aspire to have all these successes and they can "have it all."
False
(People are free to aspire to have all these successes but they CANNOT "have it all." The continuous chase for success makes life more challenging)
75
Based on the domains of biprhythm, the self is dominated by 3 domains that operate in a cycle:
1. Physical
2. Intellectual
3. Emotional
76
[T/F] The 3 domains that dominate the self (Physical, Intellectual, Emotional) manifest regularly and one may dominate the other
True
77
Which domain includes coordination, strength and well-being?
Physical Domain
78
Which domain includes alertness, analytical functioning, logical analysis, memory or recall, and communication?
Intellectual Domain
79
Which domain includes creativity, sensitivity, mood, perception and awareness?
Emotional Domain.
80
[T/F] The 3 domains that dominate the self must be balanced by individuals. Any imbalance results in incongruence and thus in an unhealthy condition.
True
81
____ Prescribes that in order to be healthy, one must regularly exercise, control the intake of unhealthy food, and be in a forgiving mode, as to not poison one's mind.
Contemporary Medicine
82
[T/F] If there is physiological poison, there is also psychological poison. Negativity on all domains opens the possibility of sickness or disease
True
83
[T/F] Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is a choice
True
84
[T/F] The mindset leads to a healthier life and a happier perspective in life
True
85
___ stated that today, more than ever, personal health responsibility or taking charge of one's own health is an essential step in disease prevention as well as in protocols for healing and recovery from disease.
Steinbrook
86
______ involves active participation in one's own health and healing plan through education and lifestyle changes.
Personal Health Responsibility
87
[T/F] One must be sensitive to the importance of good health
True
88
[T/F] People should think ore about the prevention of diseases than the cure for this.
True
89
[T/F] Diseases cannot be avoided even if everyone is conscious about what one does.
False
They can be avoided by being conscious of one one does since most diseases are acquired as a product of unhealthy lifestyle
90
[T/F] Part of personal health responsibility is knowing one's family history, this is one way of identifying hereditary illnesses which can be avoided in the future
True
91
[T/F] Another part of personal health responsibility is conducting research on effective herbal medicines and food supplements since prescription drugs are made up of chemicals which can be detrimental to people's health
True
92
Examples of several measures enacted in the Philippines that instile health awareness and encourage personal health responsibility:
1. Anti-smoking campaign
2. Discourageent to take medicines without prescriptions
3. Encouragement to seek medical assistance and services from licensed physicians
4. Heavier penalty for people caught selling drugs, for abortions etc.
93
Refers to the reaction of our psychological and physiological self to any kind of demand or threat
Stress
94
[T/F] Not all stress are negative or unwanted.
True
95
Sometimes there are positive stresses that are aptly called___
Eustress
96
___ is a beneficial stress that can be in the form of physical, psychological, and biological stimuli.
Eustress
97
Literally the Greek prefix eu means ____. Hence with the word Eustress
means "Good Stress"
Good
98
Bad stress or ___ is the exact opposite of eustress. It occurs when there is tension build up which becomes unbearable and difficult to cope with.
Distress
99
A ___ is any event that compels a person to adjust or change
Stressor
100
Examples of common stressors that are described as unpleasant and life-threatening:
1. Catastrophic events and life-threatening experiences.
2. Life changes and strains
3. Chronic problems
4. Every day hassles
101
Stressors that includes abrupt unforseen experiences or traumas such as natural calamities and physical combats, terrorist attacks, accidents and physical and sexual abuses.
Catastrophic events and life-threatening experiences.
102
Stressor that includes separation of parents, illness in the family, change of workplace, transfer of domicile, and other circumstances that demand people to adjust
Life changes and strains
103
Stressors that exist for a long period which includes circumstances such as suffering from a serious illness, having irresponsible neighbours and failure to acquire a lucrative high-income job
Chronic problems
104
Stressors that are irritations, pressures and annoyances that may no be significant stressors by themselves but whose cumulative effect can be significant. Examples are traffic congestion, waiting in a long line, or just a bad day when everything goes wrong.
Every day hassles
105
___ refers to the ability of an individual to endure stress. This is dependent on a person's psychological and physiological constitution, thus everyone reacts differently to stress.
Stress tolerance
106
[T/F] Everyone reacts differently to stress since the stress tolerance of a person depends on their psychological and physiological constitution.
True
107
[T/F] A eustress for one can be a distress to another.
True
108
[T/F] One cannot really eliminate stress but one can manage it
True
109
Signs and symptoms of poorly managed stress (Physical)
1. Inability to sleep
2. Fatigue
3. headache
4. Cramps
5. unpleasant aura
6. Gastrointestinal problems
110
Signs and symptoms of poorly managed stress (Emotional and Behavioral)
1. Lack of concentration
2. Irritation
3. Nervousness
4. Panic
5. Lack of appetite or too much food intake
6. Low enthusiasm and desire
7. Mood swings
111
[T/F] stress can cause aging and malignant diseases such as cancer
True
112
People who are unable to properly amange stress are vulnerable to unhealthy habits such as:
1. Drug addiction
2. Alcoholism
3. Cigarette smoking
4. Poor diet
113
[T/F] The effect of stressors can be eliminated through the use of effective coping methods
True
114
Most of these coping methods can be classified as ___ that involves an attempt to change or eliminate sources of stress
Problem-focused coping method
115
Examples of problem-focused coping methods:
1. Confrontation,
2. Seeking social support
3. Undertaking careful and deliberate problem solving.
116
_____ is aimed at controlling the negative emotional consequences of stressors
Emotion-focused coping method
117
Examples of Emotion-focused coping method
1. Self-control (Keeping feelings to oneself)
2. Distancing (Not thinking about the stressors)
3. Accepting responsibility (Attributing stress as one's creation)
4. Wishful thinking (thinking that the situation will pass)
118
[T/F] Culturally and socially, stress is typically viewed negatively. Recent research, however, revealed that stress is a neutral concept.
True
119
In the Philippines, there are perennial stressors that frustrate most people. Some of these are:
1. Public transportation (MRT LRT Glitches)
2. Frequent increase in the process of basic commodities and services (electricity and water bills)
3. Unfinished projects (drainage, roads, etc)
4. Frequent increase in prices of basic commodities and services.
120
[T/F] Psychologically, before you could take care of others you must take care of yourself first. You must first be in touch with the different aspects of yourself before you can give something of yourself
True
121
[T/F] Philosophically and psychologically, a selfless individual exist.
False (a selfless individual does not exist. There is always an intrinsic motivation and rationale why a particular deed is done, and there is always a reward or retribution for the individual)
122
___ refers to all activities a person does to maintain and improve his or her physical, psychological, emotional, social, and spiritual well-being.
Self-care
123
Self-care has 5 dimentions namely:
1. Physical
2. Psychological
3. Emotional
4. Social
5. Spiritual
124
Self-care that includes activities one does to maintain and improve their physical well-being like consistently sleeping for at least 8 hours, drinking 8 cups of water, eating healthy and nutritious foods etc...
Physical Self-care
125
Self-care that includes all activities one does to deal or resolve mental health issues, address both positive and negative emotions, and learn to deal with negative self-talk (self-criticism)
Psychological self-care
126
Self-care that includes all activities one does to cope with stress and grief
Emotional self-care
127
Self-care that includes all activities one does to connect with people valuable to them. Such as spending time with loved ones.
Social self-care
128
Self-care that includes all activities one does to strengthen one's relationship with their beliefs. It includes meditation and contemplation about one's purpose of existence according to this or her faith.
Spiritual self-care
129
Benefits of self-care
1. Enhanced productivity - distancing yourself from bad habits means you will have more time to focus on your goals and in improving your physical well-being
2. Improved vitality - Physical self-care activities help increase resistance to diseases
3. Enhanced self-esteem- avoiding self-berating is important. It is important for a person to discover and accept who they are and be proud of themselves
4. Increased self-knowledge - After self-acceptance, it is important for people to know what they want and what they love to do. They will be able to live life to the fullest according to the purpose that have.
5. Mindfulness and compassion - knowing and being good to oneself stems from goodness and compassion one direct towards other people.
130
____ is defined as showing compassion to oneself. It involves being open to and moved by one's own suffering, expressions care and kindness towards oneself, taking an understanding and non-judgemental attitude toward one's inadequacies and failures, and recognizing that one's win experience is a part of the common human experience.
Self-compassion
131
[T/F] The act of self-recrimination ruins one's self-esteem and is a sign of lack of self respect
True
132
Self-compassion has 3 main elements
1.
Self-kindness
2. Common Humanity
3. Mindfulness
133
Self-compassion element that refers to not being physically or verbally harsh to oneself.
Self-kindness
134
___ Is a kind of verbal abuse directed to one's self. It involves an act where one blame themselves for their actions or decisions. This is done by stating unkind words to oneself.
Self-beration
135
___ is the act of harming oneself through physical means, which is both physically and psychologically damaging to an individual
Self-harm
136
___ is the element of self-care that means acceptance that one is an imperfect being, one makes along with everyone else and one does not always get what they want
Common Humanity
137
