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GENERAL ANATOMY: PRELIMS > PRELIMS: THORAX - REGIONAL ANATOMY (THORACIC WALL) > Flashcards

PRELIMS: THORAX - REGIONAL ANATOMY (THORACIC WALL) Flashcards

1
Q

A part of the thorax that is segmental in design because of the presence of bones

A

THORACIC WALL

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2
Q

What are the components of the thoracic wall?

A

~SKELETAL ELEMENTS

~MUSCLES

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3
Q

What are the 2 extensions of the thoracic wall?

A

~SUPERIOR THORACIC APERTURE

~INFERIOR THORACIC APERTURE

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4
Q

What are the borders of the superior thoracic aperture

A

~VERTEBRA T1
~RIB 1
~MANUBRIUM OF STERNUM

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5
Q

What are the borders of the inferior thoracic aperture

A 
~VERTEBRA T12
~RIB 12
~ ENDS OF RIB 11
~COSTAL MARGINS
~XIPHOID PROCESS OF STERNUM
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6
Q

it is where muscles attach to form the thoracic wall

A

BONES

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7
Q

What is the meaning of aperture?

A

OPENING

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8
Q

Serves as the attachment site for rib 1 on both sides

A

MANUBRIUM OF STERNUM

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9
Q

What are the floating ribs?

A

RIB 11 AND RIB 12

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10
Q

The cartilage that makes up the area of inferior thoracic aperture

A

COSTAL MARGIN

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11
Q

What are the components of the skeletal framework of thoracic wall?

A

~THORACIC VERTEBRAE
~INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS
~RIBS
~STERNUM

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12
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

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13
Q

Component of the skeletal framework of the thoracic wall that is characterized by its articulation with the ribs

A

THORACIC VERTEBRAE

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14
Q

It has a heart-shaped vertebral body with equal dimensions in the transverse and anteroposterior directions, and a long spinous process

A

TYPICAL THORACIC VERTEBRA

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15
Q

Part of the typical thoracic vertebra that is circular in shape

A

VERTEBRAL FORAMEN

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16
Q

Part of the typical thoracic vertebra that is broad and overlaps with the lower vertebra

A

LAMINAE

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17
Q

Part of the typical thoracic vertebra that is flat, with their articular surfaces facing almost directly posteriorly

A

SUPERIOR ARTICULAR PROCESSES

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18
Q

Part of the typical thoracic vertebra that projects from the laminae , with their articular facets facing anteriorly

A

INFERIOR ARTICULAR PROCESSES

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19
Q

Part of the typical thoracic vertebra that are club like in shape and projects posterolaterally

A

TRANSVERSE PROCESS

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20
Q

How many pairs of ribs are present in a body

A

12 PAIRS

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21
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The 12 pairs of ribs terminates anteriorly in a costal cartilage

A

TRUE

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22
Q

A component of the skeletal framework of the thoracic wall that articulates with the vertebral column but only on the costal cartilage of the upper seven ribs that articulates directly with the sternum

A

RIBS

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23
Q

What is the term given to the upper 7 ribs that articulates with the sternum directly

A

TRUE RIBS

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24
Q

The term given to Rib 8 to rib 12

A

FALSE RIBS

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25
Q

What is the term given to Rib 11 and Rib 12 because they do not articulate with other ribs or with the sternum

A

FLOATING RIBS

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26
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The costal cartilage of rib 9 to 10 articulates anteriorly with the costal cartilage of the ribs above

A

FALSE, IT IS RIBS 8 TO 10

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27
Q

A typical rib consist what?

A

A TYPICAL RIB CONSISTS OF A CURVED SHAFT WITH ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR ENDS

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28
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The anterior end of a typical rib is continuous with its costal cartilage

A

TRUE

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29
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The posterior end of a typical rib does not articulates with the vertebral column

A

FALSE, IT ARTICULATES WITH THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN

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30
Q

What are the characteristics of the posterior end of a typical rib?

A

~HEAD
~NECK
~TUBERCLE

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31
Q

A characteristic of the posterior end of a typical rib that is somewhat expanded and typically presents 2 articular surfaces that is separated by the CREST

A

HEAD

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32
Q

What does the smaller superior surface of a typical rib articulates with?

A

THE INFERIOR COSTAL FACET ON THE BODY OF THE VERTEBRA ABOVE

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33
Q

What does the large superior facet of a typical rib articulates with?

A

IT ARTICULATES WITH THE SUPERIOR COSTAL FACET OF ITS OWN VERTEBRA

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34
Q

A characteristic of the posterior end of a typical rib that is a short flat region of bone that separates the head from the tubercle

A

NECK

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35
Q

A characteristic of the posterior end of a typical rib that projects posteriorly from the junctions of the neck with the shaft and is composed of two regions

A

TUBERCLE

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36
Q

What are the two regions of the tubercle

A

~ARTICULAR PART

~NONARTICULAR PART

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37
Q

The region of the tubercle that is medial and has an oval facet for articulation with a corresponding facet on the transverse process of the associated vertebra?

A

ARTICULAR PART

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38
Q

The region of the tubercle that is roughened by ligament attachments

A

THE RAISED NONARTICULAR PART

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39
Q

Part of the typical rib that is generally thin and flat with internal and external surfaces and bends forward just laterally to the tubercle at angle

A

SHAFT

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40
Q

Part of the typical rib that is smooth and rounded

A

SUPERIOR MARGIN

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41
Q

Part of the typical rib that is considered sharp

A

INFERIOR MARGIN

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42
Q

Marks the inferior margin of the internal surface

A

COSTAL GROOVE

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43
Q

How many sites on each side for articulation does a typical thoracic vertebra have?

A

3

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44
Q

How many demifacets does a typical thoracic vertebrae have?

A

2

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45
Q

These are located on the superior and inferior aspects of the body for articulation that has a corresponding sites on the head of the adjacent ribs

A

2 DEMIFACETS

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46
Q

This articulates with the part of the head of its own rib
It is also located on the body of vertebrae 1
It is complete and articulates with a single facet on the head of its own rib.

A

SUPERIOR COSTAL FACET

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47
Q

This articulates with part of the head of the rib below

A

INFERIOR COSTAL FACET

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48
Q

It is located at the end of the transverse process that articulates with the tubercle of its own ribs

A

TRANSVERSE COSTAL FACET AKA OVAL FACET

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49
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Not all vertebrae articulates with the ribs in the same fashion

A

TRUE

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50
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The head of rib 1 articulates with the vertebra C7

A

FALSE

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51
Q

The vertebra that articulates only with its own ribs making it lacking in inferior demifacets on the body

A

VERTEBRA T10

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52
Q

These vertebra articulates only with the heads of their own ribs and they lack transverse costal facets and have only a single complete facet on each side of their bodies

A

VERTEBRA T11 AND T12

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53
Q

The rib that is in the horizontal plane and has broad superior and inferior surfaces.

A

RIB 1

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54
Q

What is the rib 1 articulated with?

A

VERTEBRA T1

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55
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Rib 1 slopes inferiorly to its attachment to the manubrium of the sternum

A

TRUE

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56
Q

What does the head of Rib 1 articulates with?

A

IT ONLY ARTICULATES WITH THE BODY OF THE VERTEBRA T1, THEREFORE IT HAS ONLY 1 ARTICULATION SURFACE

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57
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The tubercle of the Rib 1 has a facet for articulation with the transverse process

A

TRUE

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58
Q

What characterizes the superior surface of the rib that separates two smooth grooves that cross the rib approximately midway along the shaft

A

SCALENE TUBERCLE

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59
Q

What causes the anterior groove in rib 1?

A

SUBCLAVIAN VEIN

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60
Q

What causes the posterior groove

A

SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY

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61
Q

What roughens the shaft in the anterior and posterior grooves of the Rib 1?

A

MUSCLE AND LIGAMENT ATTACHMENT

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62
Q

Similar with Rib 1, but twice as long, and articulates with the vertebral column in a way typical of most rib

A

RIB 2

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63
Q

Part of the rib 10 that has a single facet for articulation with its own vertebra

A

HEAD OF RIB 10

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64
Q

Ribs that articulates only with the bodies of their own vertebrae and have no tubercles or necks
They are short, and they have a little curve, and they are pointed anteriorly

A

RIBS 11 AND 12

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65
Q

What are the 3 major elements of the sternum?

A

~BROAD AND SUPERIORLY POSITIONED MANUBRIUM OF STERNUM
~NARROW AND LONGITUDINAL ORIENTED BODY OF THE STERNUM
~SMALL AND INFERIORLY POSITIONED XIPHOID PROCESS

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66
Q

Element of the sternum that forms part of the bony framework of the neck and thorax

A

MANUBRIUM OF STERNUM

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67
Q

Part of the manubrium of sternum that is expanded laterally and bears the jugular notch in the midline

A

SUPERIOR SURFACE OF THE MANUBRIUM

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68
Q

The distinct and palpable notch in the manubrium of sternum

A

JUGULAR NOTCH/ SUPRASTERNAL NOTCH

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69
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

There is a large oval fossa on the right side of the jugular notch for articulation with the clavicle

A

FALSE, THERE IS A LARGE FOSSA ON BOTH SIDES OF THE JUGULAR NOTCH.

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70
Q

What is the structure that is immediately inferior to the large oval fossa that is located on both sides lateral surface of the manubrium?

A

A FACET FOR THE ATTACHMENT OF THE FIRST COSTAL CARTILAGE

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71
Q

What is the structure located at the lower end of the lateral border of the manubrium?

A

A DEMIFACET FOR ARTICULATION WITH THE UPPER HALF OF THE ANTERIOR END OF THE SECOND COSTAL CARTILAGE

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72
Q

The body of the sternum is ______

A

FLAT

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73
Q

A part of the body of sternum that is often marked by transverse ridges that represent lines of fusion between sternebrae

A

ANTERIOR SURFACE OF THE BODY

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74
Q

Segmental element of the body of sternum from which the body of sternum arises embryologically

A

STERNEBRAE

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75
Q

What does the lateral margins of the body of the sternum have?

A

ARTICULAR FACETS FOR COSTAL CARTILAGES

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76
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Superiorly, each lateral margin has a demifacet for articulation with the inferior aspect of the second costal cartilage

A

TRUE

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77
Q

The demifacets on the lateral margin have ______ superiorly

A

FOUR FACETS FOR ARTICULATION WITH THE COSTAL CARTILAGE OF RIB 3 TO 6

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78
Q

What is the structure located at the inferior end of the body of the sternum?

A

DEMIFACET FOR ARTICULATION WITH THE UPPER DEMIFACETON THE SEVENTH COSTAL CARTILAGE

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79
Q

Where is the inferior end of the body of sternum attached to, that is also considered as the smallest part of the sternum

A

XIPHOID PROCESS

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80
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Xiphoid process has a variety of shape

A

TRUE, IT MAY BE WIDE, THIN, POINTED. BLIND. CURVED OR PERFORANTER

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81
Q

What is the original form of the xiphoid process?

A

CARTILAGINOUS STRUCTURE

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82
Q

How does the cartilaginous structure turn into xiphoid process

A

THROUGH OSSIFICATION

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83
Q

What is the structure found on each side of the upper lateral margin of the xiphoid process?

A

A DEMIFACET FORARTICULATION WITH THE INFERIOR END OF THE SEVENTH COSTAL CARTILAGE

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84
Q

What does a typical rib articulate with

A

~BODIES OF ADJACENT VERTEBRAE THAT FORMS A JOINT WITH THE HEAD OF THE RIB
~THE TRANSVERSE PROCESS OF ITS RELATED VERTEBRA

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85
Q

The transverse process forms what type of joint?

A

COSTOTRANSVERSE JOINT

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86
Q

These structures allows the neck of the ribs either to rotate around their longitudinal axes, which occurs mainly in the upper ribs, or to ascend and descend relative to the vertebral column, which occur mainly in the lower ribs.

A

COSTOVERTEBRAL JOINTS AND RELATED LIGAMENTS

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87
Q

These are essential for altering the volume of the thoracic cavity during breathing

A

COMBINED MOVEMENTS OF ALL OF THE RIBS ON THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN

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88
Q

What does the two facets on the head of the rib articulates with?

A

THE SUPERIOR FACET ON THE BODY OF ITS OWN VERTEBRA AND WITH THE INFERIOR FACET ON THE BODY OF THE VERTEBRA ABOVE

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89
Q

The joint with head of rib is divided into 2 synovial compartments by what structure that attaches the crest to the adjacent intervertebral disc and separates the two articular surfaces on the head of the rib

A

INTRAARTICULAR LIGAMENT

90
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
The two compartments and the intervening ligament are surrounded by a single joint capsule attached to the outer margins of the combined articular surfaces of the head and vertebral column

91
Q

What is the synovial joint between the tubercle of a rib and the transverse process of the related vertebra?

A

COSTOTRANSVERSE JOINTS

92
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The capsule surrounding each costotransverse joint is thin

93
Q

What stabilizes the costotransverse joint that span the space between the transverse process and the rib on the medial and lateral sides of the joint?

A

2 STRONG EXTRACAPSULAR LIGAMENTS

94
Q

The ligament that is medial to the joint and attaches the neck of the rib to the transverse process

A

COSTOTRANSVERSE LIGAMENT

95
Q

The ligament lateral to the joint and attaches the tip of the transverse process to the roughened nonarticular part of the tubercle of the rib

A

LATERAL COSTOTRANSVERSE LIGAMENT

96
Q

The third ligament that attaches the superior surface of the neck of the rib to the transverse process of the vertebra above

A

SUPERIOR COSTOTRANSVERSE LIGAMENT

97
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

There is a slight gliding movement that occurs at the costotransverse joints

98
Q

Joints between the upper seven costal cartilages and the sternum

A

STERNOCOSTAL JOINTS

99
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
The joint between rib 1 and the manubrium is not synovial and consists of a fibrocartilaginous connection between the manubrium and the costal cartilage.

100
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The second to seventh joints are synovial and have thin capsules reinforced by surrounding sternocostal ligaments

101
Q

What divides the joint between the second costal cartilage and the sternum into 2 compartments?
It also attaches the second costal cartilage to the junction of the manubrium and the body of the sternum.

A

INTRAARTICULAR LIGAMENT

102
Q

The joint that occurs between the costal cartilages of adjacent ribs, mainly between the costal cartilages of ribs 7 to 10, but it may also involve the costal cartilages of ribs 5 and 6

A

INTERCHONDRAL JOINTS

103
Q

What does interchondral joints provide?

A

~INDIRECT ANCHORAGE TO THE STERNUM

~CONTRIBUTES TO THE FORMATION OF A SMOOTH INFERIOR COSTAL MARGIN

104
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Interchondral joints are usually cartilaginous

A

FALSE, IT IS USUALLY SYNOVIAL, AND THE THIN FIBROUS CAPSULES ARE REINFORCED BY INTERCHONDRAL LIGAMENTS

105
Q

Joints between the manubrium and the body of the sternum . This joints are also between the body of the sternum and the xiphoid process are usually symphyses

A

MANUBRIOSTERNAL AND XIPHISTERNAL JOINTS

106
Q

What occurs between the manubrium and the body of the sternum during respiration.

A

SLIGHT ANGULAR MOVEMENTS

107
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The joint between the body of the sternum and the xiphoid process often becomes ossified with age

108
Q

What is an example of a clinically useful feature of the manubriosternal joint?

A

IT CAN BE PALPATED EASILY

109
Q

What causes the manubriosternal joint to palpate easily?

A

THIS IS BECAUSE THE MANUBRIUM NORMALLY ANGLES POSTERIORLY ON THE BODY OF THE STERNUM, FORMING A RAISED FEATURE REFERRE TO AS THE STERNAL ANGLE

110
Q

This elevation marks the site of articulation of rib 2 with the sternum.
It also lies on a horizontal plane that passes through the intervertebral disc between vertebrae T4 and t5.

A

STERNAL ANGLE

111
Q

Why is the rib 1 not palpable?

A

BECAUSE IT LIES INFERIOR TO THE CLAVIVLE AND IS EMBEDDED IN TISSUES ATTHE BASE OF THE NECK

112
Q

Used as a reference for counting ribs and can be felt immediately lateral to the sternal angle

113
Q

This plane separates the superior mediastinum from the inferior mediastinum marking the superior border of the pericardium.
It also passes through the end of the ascending aorta and the beginning of the arch of the aorta, the end of the arch of the aorta and the beginning of the thoracic aorta, and the bifurcation of the trachea, and just superior to the pulmonary trunk

A

THE HORIZONTAL PLANE THAT PASSES THROUGH THE INTERVERTEBRAL DISC BETWEEN VERTEBRAE T4 AND T5

114
Q

A space that lies between adjacent ribs and are filled by intercostal muscles

A

INTERCOSTAL SPACES

115
Q

Where does intercostal nerves and associated major arteries and veins lie?

A

IN THE COSTAL GROOVE

116
Q

Where is the costal groove located?

A

ALONG THE INFERIOR MARGIN OF THE SUPERIOR RIB AND PASS IN THE PLANE BETWEEN THE INNER TWO LAYERS OF MUSCLES

117
Q

What is the most superior structure and the highest in the costal groove in intercostal space?

118
Q

What is the structure inferior to the vein?

119
Q

What is the structure inferior to the artery and is often not protected by the costal groove which is why it is the structure most at risk when object perforate the upper aspect of an intercostal space?

120
Q

Structures present superior to the inferior rib below

A

SMALL COLLATERAL BRANCHES OF THE MAJOR INTERCOSTAL NERVES AND VESSELS

121
Q

Layer of loose connective tissue located deep to the intercostal spaces and ribs that separates intercostal nerves from the underlying pleura which contains variable amounts of fat

A

ENDOTHORACIC FASCIA

122
Q

Overall components include those that fill and support the intercostal spaces, those that pass between the sternum and the ribs, and those that cross several ribs between costal attachment

A

MUSCLES OF THORACIC WALL

123
Q

These alter the position of the ribs and sternum and changes the thoracic volume during breathing.
They also reinforce the thoracic wall

A

MUSCLES OF THORACIC WALL AND THE MUSCLES BETWEEN THE VERTEBRAE AND RIBS POSTERIORLY

124
Q

What are the muscles between the vertebrae and ribs in the posterior?

A

~LEVATORES COSTARUM
~SERRATUS POSTERIOR SUPERIOR
~SERRATUS POSTERIOR INFERIOR

125
Q

The 3 flat muscles found in each intercostal spaces that passes between adjacent ribs

A

INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES

126
Q

What are the individual muscles of the intercostal muscles that are named according to their positions?

A

~EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLE
~INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLE
~INNERMOST INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES

127
Q

What is the most superficial intercostal muscle?

A

EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES

128
Q

What is the middle sandwiched layer of intercostal muscle?

A

INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES

129
Q

What is the deepest intercostal muscle?

A

INNERMOST INTERCOSTAL MUSCLE

130
Q

What are the superior attachment of the external intercostal?

A

INFERIOR MARGIN OF RIB ABOVE

131
Q

What are the inferior attachment of the external intercostal?

A

SUPERIOR MARGIN OF RIB BELOW

132
Q

What are the innervations of the external intercostal?

A

INTERCOSTAL NERVES

T1-T11

133
Q

What are the functions of the external intercostal?

A

~MOST ACTIVE DURING INSPIRATION(EXHALATION)
~SUPPORTS INTERCOSTAL SPACES
~MOVES RIBS SUPERIORLY

134
Q

What are the superior attachment of the internal intercostal?

A

LATERAL EDGE OF COSTAL GROOVE OF RIB ABOVE

135
Q

What are the inferior attachment of the internal intercostal?

A

SUPERIOR MARGIN OF RIB BELOW DEEP TO THE ATTACHMENT OF THE RELATED EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL

136
Q

What are the innervations of the internal intercostal?

A

INTERCOSTAL NERVES

T1-T11

137
Q

What are the functions of the internal intercostal?

A

~MOST ACTIVE DURING EXPIRATION(EXHALATION)
~SUPPORTS INTERCOSTAL SPACES
~MOVES RIBS INFERIORLY

138
Q

What are the superior attachment of the innermost intercostal?

A

MEDIAL EDGE OF COSTAL GROOVE OF RIB ABOVE

139
Q

What are the inferior attachment of the internal intercostal?

A

INTERNAL ASPECT OF SUPERIOR MARGIN OF RIB BELOW

140
Q

What are the innervations of the internal intercostal?

A

INTERCOSTAL NERVES

T1-T11

141
Q

What are the functions of the internal intercostal?

A

ACTS WITH INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES

142
Q

What are the superior attachment of the subcostales?

A

INTERNAL SURFACE OF LOWER RIBS

143
Q

What are the inferior attachment of the subcostales?

A

INTERNAL SURFACE OF 2ND OR 3RD RIB BELOW

144
Q

What are the Innervations of the subcostales?

A

RELATED INTERCOSTAL NERVES

145
Q

What are the functions of the subcostales?

A

DEPRESSES RIBS

146
Q

What are the superior attachment of the transversus thoracis?

A

INFERIOR MARGINS AND INTERNAL SURFACES OF COSTAL CARTILAGES OF 2ND TO 6TH RIBS

147
Q

What are the inferior attachment of the transversus thoracis?

A

~INFERIOR ASPECT OF DEEP SURFACE OF BODY OF STERNUM
~XIPHOID PROCESS
COSTAL CARTILAGES OF RIBS 4 TO 7

148
Q

What are the innervations of the transversus thoracis?

A

RELATED INTERCOSTAL NERVES

149
Q

What are the functions of the transversus thoracis?

A

DEPRESSES COSTAL CARTILAGES

150
Q

The structure innervated by related intercostal nerves and provides structural support for the intercostal spaces during breathing.
it also moves the ribs

A

INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES

151
Q

How many pairs of external intercostal muscles are there?

152
Q

A muscle that extends from the inferior margins of the ribs above to the superior margins of the ribs below

A

EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES

153
Q

What is the inferior margins?

A

LATERAL EDGES OF COSTAL GROOVES

154
Q

How does the muscle fibers of the external intercostal muscles pass when the thoracic wall is viewed from a lateral positions?

A

ANTEROINFERIORLY

155
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
The muscles extend around the thoracic wall from the regions of the tubercles of the ribs to the costal cartilages, where each layer continues as external intercostal membrane

156
Q

A thin connective tissue aponeurosis

A

EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MEMBRANE

157
Q

How many pairs of internal intercostal muscles are there?

158
Q

The muscle that passes between the most inferior lateral edge of the costal grooves of the rib above, to the superior margins of the rib below.
It also extends from parasternal regions, where the muscles course between adjacent costal cartilages, to the angle of the ribs posteriorly.

A

INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES

159
Q

The internal intercostal muscles continues medially towards the vertebral column, in each intercostal space as what?

A

INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MEMBRANE

160
Q

How does the muscle fibers of the internal intercostal muscles passes?

A

IT PASSES IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION TO THOSE OF THE EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES

161
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

When the thoracic wall is viewed from a lateral position, the muscle fibers passes obliquely postero-inferiorly

162
Q

The least distinct of the intercostal muscles, with its fibers having the same orientation as the internal intercostals.
These are most evident in the lateral thoracic wall extending between the inner surface of adjacent ribs from the medial edge of the costal groove to the deep surfaces of the rib below.

A

INNERMOST INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES

163
Q

Where does the neurovascular bundles associated with the intercostal spaces pass?

A

IT PASSES AROUND THE THORACIC WALL IN THE COSTAL GROOVES IN A PLANE BETWEEN THE INNERMOST AND INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES

164
Q

The muscle that is in the same plane as the innermost intercostal, spanning multiple ribs, and are more numerous in the lower regions of the posterior thoracic wall.
It extends from the internal surfaces of one rib to the internal surface of the 2nd or 3rd rib below

A

SUBCOSTALES

165
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
The fibers of the subcostales are parallel the course of the internal muscles and extend from the angle of the ribs to more medial positions on the rib below

166
Q

Muscles found on the deep surface of the anterior thoracic wall and is in the same plane as the innermost intercostals.

A

TRANSVERSUS THORACIS MUSCLES

167
Q

Where does the transversus thoracis muscles originate from?

A

FROM THE POSTERIOR ASPECT OF THE XIPHOID PROCESS, THE INFERIOR PART OF THE BODY OF THE STERNUM, AND THE ADJACENT COSTAL CARTILAGES OF THE LOWER TRUE RIBS.

168
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
The transversus thoracis muscle passes superiorly and laterally to insert into the lower borders of the costal cartilages of ribs 3 to 6.

169
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The transverse thoracis muscle pull elements superiorly

A

FALSE, THEY PULL ELEMENTS INFERIORLY

170
Q

Where does the transversus thoracis muscle lie?

A

THEY LIE DEEP TO THE INTERNAL THORACICVESSELS AND SECURE THESE VESSELS TO THE WALL

171
Q

Vessels that supply the thoracic wall consists mainly of what?
It passes around the wall between adjacent ribs in intercostal spaces.

A

POSTERIOR AND ANTERIOR INTERCOSTAL ARTERIES

172
Q

Where does the posterior and anterior intercostal arteries originate from?

A

IT ORIGINATED FROM THE AORTA AND INTERNAL THORACIC ARTERIES

173
Q

Where does the posterior and anterior intercostal arteries arise from?

A

THE SUBCLAVIAN ARTERIES IN THE ROOT OF THE NECK

174
Q

What does the intercostal arteries form?

A

THE INTERCOSTAL ARTERIES FORM A BASKET-LIKE PATTERN OF A VASCULAR SUPPLY AROUND THE THORACIC WALL

175
Q

The artery that originates from vessels associated with the posterior thoracic wall

A

POSTERIOR INTERCOSTAL ARTERIES

176
Q

Where did the posterior intercostal arteries derived from?

It descends into the thorax as a branch of the costocervical trunk in the neck

A

SUPREME INTERCOSTAL ARTERY

177
Q

A posterior branch of the subclavian artery

A

COSTOCERVICAL TRUNK

178
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The remaining nine pairs of posterior intercostal arteries arise from the posterior surface of the thoracic aorta

179
Q

Where is the aorta located?

A

THE AORTA IS LOCATED ON THE LEFT SIDE OFTHE VERTEBRAL COLUMN

180
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
The posterior intercostal passing to the right side of the thoracic wall crosses the midline anterior to the bodies of the vertebrae and therefore are longer than the corresponding vessels on the left because of the location of the aorta

181
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
In addition to having numerous branches that supply various components of the wall, the posterior intercostal arteries have branches that accompany lateral cutaneous branches of the intercostal nerves to superficial regions

182
Q

Where did anterior intercostal arteries originate from?

A

ORIGINATE DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY AS LATERAL BRANCHES FROM THE INTERNAL THORACIC ARTERIES

183
Q

Arises as a major branch of the of the subclavian artery in the neck.
It passes anteriorly over the cervical dome of the pleura and descends vertically through the superior thoracic aperture and along the deep aspect of the anterior thoracic wall.

A

INTERNAL THORACIC ARTERY

184
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
On each side, the internal thoracic artery lies posterior to the costal cartilages of the upper six ribs and about 1 cm lateral to the sternum.

185
Q

What are the 2 terminal branches of the internal thoracic artery?

A

~SUPERIOR EPIGASTRIC ARTERY

~MUSCULOPHRENIC ARTERY

186
Q

The artery that continues inferiorly into the anterior abdominal wall

A

SUPERIOR EPIGASTRIC ARTERY

187
Q

The artery that passes along the costal margin and goes through the diaphragm, and ends near the last intercostal space

A

MUSCULOPHRENIC ARTERY

188
Q

Supplies the upper six intercostal spaces.
Arises as lateral branches from the internal thoracic artery.
Generally smaller than posterior vessels

A

ANTERIOR INTERCOSTAL ARTERIES

189
Q

Structures that supplies the lower spaces arise from what artery?

A

MUSCULOPHRENIC ARTERY

190
Q

What are the 2 branches of anterior intercostal arteries?

A

~ONE PASSES BELOW THE MARGIN OF THE UPPER RIB

~ONE PASSES ABOVE THE MARGIN OF THE LOWER RIB AND MEETS A COLLATERAL BRANCH OF THE POSTERIOR INTERCOSTAL ARTERY

191
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The distribution of the anterior and posterior intercostal vessels overlap and can develop anastomotic connections

192
Q

What are the structures the internal thoracic arteries gives rise to?

A

~ANTERIOR INTERCOSTAL ARTERIES
~NUMBER OF OTHER BRANCHES
~PERFORAAING BRANCHES THAT PASS DIRECTLY FORWARD BETWEEN THE COSTAL CARTILAGES TO SUPPLY STRUCTURES EXTERNAL TO THE THORACIC WALL.

193
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Venous drainage from the thoracic wall generally parallels
the pattern of arterial supply

194
Q

Where does the intercostal veins ultimately drains into?

A

AZYGOS SYSTEM OF VEINS OR INTO INTERNAL THORACIC VEIN

195
Q

Where does the internal thoracic vein or the azygos system of vein connects to?

A

BRACHIOCEPHALIC VEINS IN THE NECK

196
Q

What does the upper posterior intercostal veins on the left side forms into?

A

LEFT SUPERIOR INTERCOSTAL VEINS

197
Q

Where does the left superior intercostal vein empties?

A

IT EMPTIES INTO THE LEFT BRACHIOCEPHALIC VEIN

198
Q

What does the upper posterior intercostal veins on the right side forms into?

A

RIGHT SUPERIOR INTERCOSTAL VEIN

199
Q

Where does the right superior intercostal vein empties?

A

IT EMPTIES INTO THE AZYGOS VEIN

200
Q

Vessels of the thoracic wall that drains mainly into lymph nodes associated with the internal thoracic arteries, head and necks of ribs, and diaphragm

A

LYMPHATIC VESSELS

201
Q

Lymph nodes associated with the internal thoracic arteries.

A

PARASTERNAL NODES

202
Q

Lymph nodes associated with the heads and necks of ribs

A

INTERCOSTAL NODES

203
Q

Lymph nodes associated with the diaphragm.
It is posterior to the xiphoid process and at sites where the phrenic nerves penetrate the diaphragm
They also occur in regions where the diaphragm is attached to the vertebral column

A

DIAPHRAGMATIC NODES

204
Q

Where does the parasternal nodes and intercostal nodes in the upper thorax drain to?

A

BRONCHOMEDIASTINAL TRUNKS

205
Q

Where does the intercostal nodes in the lower thorax drain to?

A

THORACIC DUCT

206
Q

Nodes associated with the diaphragm interconnect with what structures?

A 
~PARASTERNAL
~PREVERTEBRAL
~JUXTA-ESOPHAGEAL NODES
~BRACHIOCEPHALIC NODES
~LATERAL AORTIC/LUMBAR NODES
207
Q

What nerves are responsible for the innervations of the thoracic wall?
It is also the anterior rami of spinal nerves T1 to T11 and lie in the intercostal spaces between adjacent ribs

A

INTERCOSTAL NERVES

208
Q

The thoracic spine that lie in the intercostal spaces between adjacent ribs

A

THORACIC SPINE T1 TO T11

209
Q

The structure that is inferior to rib 12

A

THE ANTERIOR RAMUS OF SPINAL NERVE T12

210
Q

The nerve that passes laterally around the thoracic wall in an intercostal space

A

TYPICAL INTERCOSTAL NERVE

211
Q

The largest branch which pierces the lateral thoracic wall and divides into an anterior branch and a posterior branch that innervate the overlying skin

A

LATERAL CUTANEOUS BRANCH

212
Q

The intercostal nerves end as what?
it is a structure that emerges parasternally, between adjacent costal cartilage, or laterally to the midline, on the anterior abdominal wall, to supply the skin

A

ANTERIOR CUTANEOUS BRANCHES

213
Q

Where can small collateral branches be found?

A

IN THE INTERCOSTAL SPACE RUNNING ALONG THE SUPERIOR BORDER OF THE LOWER RIB

214
Q

What does the intercostal nerves carry?

A

~SOMATIC MOTOR INNERVATIONS TO THE MUSCLES OF THETHORACIC WALL
~SOMATIC SENSORY INNERVATION FROM THE SKIN AND PARIETALPLEURA
~POSTGANGLIONIC SYMPATHETIC FIBERS TO THE PERIPHERY

215
Q

What supplies the sensory innervation of the skin overlying the upper thoracic wall?
It descends from the cervical plexus in the neck

A

CUTANEOUS BRANCHES/ SUPRACLAVICULAR NERVES

216
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The intercostal nerves innervates the thoracic wall

217
Q

What are the other regions intercostal nerves innervates with?

A

~ANTERIOR RAMUS OF T1 WHICH CONTRIBUTES TO THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS
~THE LATERAL CUTANEOUS BRANCH OF THE SECOND INTERCOSTAL NERVE
~THE LOWER INTERCOSTAL NERVE

218
Q

This contributes to the brachial plexus

A

ANTERIOR RAMUS OF T1

219
Q

This contributes to the cutaneous innervation of the medial surface of the upper arm

A

LATERAL CUTANEOUS BRANCH OF 2ND INTERCOSTAL NERVE OR THE INTERCOSTOBRACHIAL NERVE

220
Q

This supply the muscles, skin, and peritoneum of the abdominal wall

A

LOWER INTERCOSTAL NERVES

GENERAL ANATOMY: PRELIMS (7 decks)

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