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GENERAL ANATOMY: PRELIMS > PRELIMS - THORAX: CONCEPTUAL OVERVIEW > Flashcards

PRELIMS - THORAX: CONCEPTUAL OVERVIEW Flashcards

1
Q

Ain irregularly shaped cylinder that is composed of two apertures

A

THORAX

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2
Q

An aperture of the thorax that has a narrow opening and lies superiorly.
It is open and allows continuity with the neck

A

SUPERIORTHORACIC APERTURE

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3
Q

An aperture of the thorax that has a relatively large opening and lies inferiorly.
closed by the Diaphragm

A

INFERIOR THORACIC APERTURE

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4
Q

Part of the thorax that is flexible and consists of segmentally arranged vertebrae, ribs, muscles and sternum.

A

MUSCULOSKELETAL WALL OF THORAX

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5
Q

Part of the thorax that is enclosed by the thoracic wall and the Diaphragm

A

THORACIC WALL

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6
Q

What are the 3 major compartments of the thoracic cavity

A

~LEFT PLEURAL CAVITY
~RIGHT PLEURAL CAVITY
~MEDIASTINUM

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7
Q

A compartment of the thoracic cavity that is thick, flexible soft tissue partition oriented longitudinally in a median sagittal position.
It can also be entered surgically without opening the pleural cavities.

A

MEDIASTINUM

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8
Q

Organs contained by the mediastinum

A 
~HEART
~ESOPHAGUS
~TRACHEA
~MAJOR NERVES
~MAJOR SYSTEMIC BLOOD VESSELS
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9
Q

The mediastinum separates this into two equal parts

A

PLEURAL CAVITIES

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10
Q

the pleural cavity can extend up to what part of the rib?

A

ABOVE THE LEVEL OF RIB 1

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11
Q

What are the functions of the thorax?

A

~BREATHING
~PROTECTION OF VITAL ORGANS
~CONDUIT

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12
Q

What is the most important function of the thorax?

A

BREATHING

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13
Q

What are the machineries necessary for breathing that are used in effectively moving air into and out of the lungs

A

~DIAPHRAGM
~THORACIC WALL
~RIBS

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14
Q

What are the results that happen because of the movements of the ribs

A

UP AND DOWN MOVEMENT OF THE DIAPHRAGM

CHANGES IN LATERAL AND ANTERIOR DIMENSIONS OF THE THORACIC WALL

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15
Q

Key elements in breathing

A

ALTERATION OF THE VOLUME OF THE THORACIC CAVITY

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16
Q

What are the organs that are housed and protected by the thorax?

A

~HEART
~LUNGS
~GREAT VESSELS

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17
Q

What is the shape of the diaphragm?

A

UPWARD DOME SHAPED DIAPHRAGM

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18
Q

Where does most of the liver lies in the thorax?

A

UNDER THE RIGHT DOME OF THE DIAPHRAGM

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19
Q

Where does the stomach and spleen lies in the thorax?

A

UNDER THE LEFT DOME OF THE DIAPHRAGM

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20
Q

Where does the posterior aspects of the superior poles of the kidneys lie on the thorax?

A

DIAPHRAGM AND IS ANTERIOR TO THE RIB 12 ON THE RIGHT AND RIB 11 AND 12 ON THE LEFT

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21
Q

It acts as a conduit for structures that pass completely through the thorax from one body region to another, and for structures that connect organs in the thorax to other body regions

A

MEDIASTINUM

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22
Q

Passes through the mediastinum as they course between the abdomen and neck

A

~ESOPHAGUS
~VAGUS NERVE
~THORACIC DUCT

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23
Q

Passes through the mediastinum to penetrate and supply the diaphragm

A

PHRENIC NERVES

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24
Q

Where does phrenic nerves originate from?

A

NECK

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25
Q

Structures that courses within the mediastinum to and from major visceral organs in the thorax

A

~TRACHEA
~THORACIC AORTA
~SUPERIOR VENA CAVA

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26
Q

What are the component parts of the thorax?

A 
~THORACIC WALL
~SUPERIORTHORACIC APERTURE
~INFERIOR THORACIC APERTURE
~DIAPHRAGM
~MEDIASTINUM
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27
Q

A component part of the thorax that is composed of skeletal elements and muscles

A

THORACIC WALL

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28
Q

What is the thoracic wall made up of posteriorly?

A

~12 THORACIC VERTEBRAE

INTERVENING ~INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS

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29
Q

What is the thoracic wall made up of laterally?

A

~12 PAIRS OF RIBS

~3 LAYERS OF FLAT MUSCLES

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30
Q

What is the thoracic wall made up of anteriorly?

A

STERNUM

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31
Q

What are the parts of the sternum?

A

~MANUBRIUM OFTHESTERNUM
~BODY OF STERNUM
~XIPHOID PROCESS

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32
Q

A part of the sternum that is angled posteriorly on the body of the sternum at the manubriosternal joint

A

MANUBRIUM OF STERNUM

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33
Q

It forms the sternal angle

A

MANUBRIOSTERNAL JOINTS

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34
Q

A major surface landmark used by clinicians in performing physical examinations of the thorax

A

STERNAL ANGLE

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35
Q

The anterior end of each rib is composed of what type of cartilage?
it also contributes to the mobility and elasticity of the thoracic wall

A

COSTAL CARTILAGE

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36
Q

These articulates with the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly

A

ALL RIBS

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37
Q

Have 3 articulations with the vertebral column

A

RIB 2 TO RIB 9

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38
Q

Articulates with the body of its own vertebra and with the body of the vertebra above

A

HEAD OF RIBS

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39
Q

Anteriorly, these articulates with the sternum

A

COSTAL CARTILAGE OF RIBS 1 TO 7

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40
Q

They articulate with the inferior margins of the costal cartilages above them

A

COSTAL CARTILAGES OF RIBS 8 TO 10

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41
Q

Known as the floating ribs because they do not articulate with other ribs, costal cartilages, or the sternum

A

RIB 11 AND RIB 12

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42
Q

True or False:

The costal cartilages of rib 11 and 12 are small, covering only their tips

A

TRUE

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43
Q

Provides extensive attachment site for muscles of the neck, abdomen, back, and upper limbs

A

SKELETAL FRAMEWORK OF THE THORACIC WALL

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44
Q

What surrounds the superior thoracic aperture

A

SKELETAL ELEMENTS

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45
Q

Consists of the body of vertebra T1, medial margin of rib 1, and the manubrium

A

SUPERIOR THORACIC APERTURE

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46
Q

The vertebra T1 is located where?

A

POSTERIORLY

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47
Q

The medial margin of rib 1 is located where?

A

EACH SIDE

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48
Q

The manubrium is located where?

A

ANTERIORLY

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49
Q

True or False:
the superior margin of the manubrium is in approximately the different horizontal plane as the intervertebral disc between vertebrae T2 and T3

A

FALSE, ITIS IN APPROXIMATELY THE SAME HORIZONTAL PLANE

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50
Q

The aperture that is large and expandable

A

INFERIOR THORACIC APERTURE

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51
Q

What are the structures that forms the margin of the Inferior thoracic aperture?

A

~BONE
~CARTILAGE
~LIGAMENTS

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52
Q

What closes the inferior thoracic aperture

A

DIAPHRAGM

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53
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The structures that passes between the abdomen and the thorax need to pierce or pass posteriorly to the diaphragm

A

TRUE

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54
Q

What are the skeletal elements of the inferior thoracic aperture?

A

~BODY OF VERTEBRA T12(POSTERIORLY)
~RIB 12 AND THE DISTAL END OF RIB 11(POSTEROLATERALLY)
~DISTAL CARTILAGINOUS ENDS OF RIBS 7 TO 10, WHICH UNITE TO FORM THE COSTAL MARGIN (ANTEROLATERALLY)
~XIPHOID PROCESS (ANTERIORLY)

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55
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
The joint between the costal margin and the sternum lies roughly in a different plane as the intervertebral disc between vertebrae T9 and T10.

A

FALSE, IT LIES ROUGHLY IN THE SAME HORIZONTAL PLANE AS THE INTERVERTEBRAL DISC BEYWEEN VERTEBRAE T9 AND T10

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56
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The posterior margin of the inferior thoracic aperture is inferior to the anterior margin

A

TRUE

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57
Q

It seals the inferior thoracic aperture

A

DIAPHRAGM

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58
Q

How does the muscle fibers of the diaphragm arises? From the margins of the inferior thoracic aperture, and converge into a large central tendon.

A

RADIALLY

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59
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Because of the oblique angle of the inferior thoracic aperture, the posterior attachment of the diaphragm is superior to the anterior attachment

A

FALSE, THE POSTERIOR ATTACHMENT IS INFERIOR TO THE ANTERIOR ATTACHMENT

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60
Q

The diaphragm is not flat, it balloons posteriorly on both right and left sides forming what?

61
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The right dome is higher than the left dome, reaching as far as rib 5

62
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

As the diaphragm contracts, the height of the domes decreases and the volume of the thorax increases

63
Q

Organs that penetrates the diaphragm

A

~ESOPHAGUS

~INFERIOR VENA CAVA

64
Q

The structure that passes posteriorly to the diaphragm

65
Q

A thick midline partition that extends from the sternum anteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly, and from the superior thoracic aperture to the inferior thoracic aperture.

A

MEDIASTINUM

66
Q

A horizontal plane passing through the sternal angle and the intervertebral disc between vertebrae T4 and T5 separates the mediastinum into superior and inferior parts

67
Q

The inferior parts of mediastinum is further subdivided by what structure that also encloses the pericardial cavity surrounding the heart.

A

PERICARDIUM

68
Q

What are the structures that constitute the middle mediastinum?

A

~PERICARDIUM

~HEART

69
Q

The part of the mediastinum that lies between the sternum and the pericardium

A

ANTERIOR MEDIASTINUM

70
Q

The part of the mediastinum that lies between the pericardium and thoracic vertebrae

A

POSTERIOR MEDIASTINUM

71
Q

It is completely lined by a mesothelial membrane called the pleura, situated on either side of the mediastinum

A

PLEURAL CAVITIES

72
Q

What covers the outer surface of each organ

73
Q

The pleura lining the walls of the cavity

A

PARIETAL PLEURA

74
Q

The pleura that covers the surfaces of the lungs

A

VISCERAL PLEURA

75
Q

The lung does not completely fill the potential space of the pleural cavity which results to what?
It is also important for accommodating changes in lung volume during breathing

76
Q

The largest and clinically most important recess that lies inferiorly between the thoracic wall and diaphragm

A

COSTODIA-PHRAGMATIC RECESS

77
Q

What regions does the thorax have relationship with?

A

~NECK
~UPPER LIMB
~ABDOMEN
~BREAST

78
Q

How is the neck related to the thorax?

A

THROUGH THE SUPERIOR THORACIC APERTURE THAT OPENS DIRECTLY INTO THE ROOT OF THE NECK

79
Q

Until where does the superior part of the pleural cavity extends to when it has been fully developed?

A

APPROXIMATELY 2 TO 3 CM ABOVE RIB 1 AND THE COSTAL CARTILAGE INTO THE NECK.

80
Q

In these pleural extensions, what structures pass between the neck and superior mediastinum

A

VISCERAL STRUCTURES

81
Q

Where does the trachea lies immediately anterior to the esophagus?

A

IN THE MIDLINE

82
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Major blood vessels and nerves pass in and out of the thorax at the inferior thoracic aperture anteriorly and laterally to these visceral structures

A

FALSE, IT PASSES AT THE SUPERIOR THORACIC APERTURE

83
Q

What is the gateway to the upper limbs that lies on each side of the superior thoracic aperture?

A

AXILLARY INLET

84
Q

How many axillary inlets are present in the superior thoracic aperture?

85
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The two axillary inlets and the superior thoracic aperture communicates superiorly with the root of the neck.

86
Q

What forms the axillary inlet posteriorly?

A

SUPERIOR MARGIN OF THE SCAPULA

87
Q

What forms the axillary inlet anteriorly?

88
Q

What forms the axillary inlet medially

A

LATERAL MIDLINE OF RIB 1

89
Q

How is the apex of each triangular inlet directed?

90
Q

What forms the apex of the triangular inlet and extends anteriorly from the superior margin of the scapula

A

MEDIAL MARGIN OF THE CORACOID PROCESS

91
Q

What is the base of the axillary inlet’s triangular opening?

A

LATERAL MARGIN OF RIB 1

92
Q

In what rib large blood vessels pass through in passing between the axillary inlet and superior thoracic aperture?

93
Q

These parts also pass between the neck and upper limb by passing through the axillary inlet

A

PROXIMAL PARTS OF BRACHIAL PLEXUS

94
Q

The structure that separates the thorax from the abdomen

95
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Structures that pass between the thorax and abdomen either penetrate the diaphragm or pass posteriorly to it

96
Q

A structure or organ that pierces the central tendon of the diaphragm to enter the right side of the mediastinum near the vertebral level T8

A

INFERIOR VENA CAVA

97
Q

A structure that penetrates the muscular part of the diaphragm to leave the mediastinum and enter the abdomen just to the left of the midline at a vertebral level T10

98
Q

The structure that passes posteriorly to the diaphragm at the midline at vertebrae level T12

99
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Numerous other structures that pass between the thorax and abdomen pass through or anterior to the wall

A

FALSE, THEY PASS THROUGH OR POSTERIORLYTO THE DIAPHRAGM

100
Q

What are the components of breasts?

A

~MAMMARY GLANDS
~SUPERFICIAL FASCIA
~OVERLYIBG SKIN

101
Q

Where is the breast located?

A

ON THE PECTORAL REGION IN EACHSIDE OF THE ANTERIOR THORACIC WALL

102
Q

What are the key features in the thorax?

A

~VERTEBRAL LEVEL T4/T5
~VENOUS SHUNTS FROM LEFT TO RIGHT
~SEGMENTAL NEUROVASCULAR SUPPLY OF THORACIC WALL
~SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM
~FLEXIBLE WALL AND INFERIOR THORACIC APERTURE
~INNERVATIONS OF THE DIAPHRAGM

103
Q

These are used by physicians to determine the position of important anatomical structures within body regions

A

VERTEBRAL LEVELS

104
Q

One of the most significant planes in the body

A

THE HORIZONTAL PLANE PASSING THROUGH THE DISC THAT SEPARATES THORACIC VERTEBRAE T4 AND T5

105
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
The horizontal plane passes through the sternal angle anteriorly, marking the position of the anterior articulation of the costal cartilage of rib 2 with the sternum

106
Q

This is used to find the position of rib 2 as a reference for counting ribs

A

STERNAL ANGLE

107
Q

This causes the rib 1 to not be palpable

A

OVERLYING CLAVICLE

108
Q

Is the rib 1 palpable or not palpable?

A

NOT PALPABLE

109
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
The horizontal plane separates the superior mediastinum from the inferior mediastinum and marks the position of the superior limit of the pericardium

110
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The horizontal plane marks where the arch of the aorta begins and ends

111
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
The horizontal plane passes through the site where the superior vena cava
penetrates the pericardium to enter the heart

112
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
The horizontal plane is the level at which the trachea bifurcates into right and
left main bronchi

113
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The horizontal plane marks the superior limit of the pulmonary trunk

114
Q

The chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the body that lies on the right side of the midline and on the two major veins

A

RIGHT ATRIUM

115
Q

What are the two major veins that drains into the right atrium?

A

SUPERIOR VENA CAVA

INFERIOR VENA CAVA

116
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

To get to the right side of the body, all blood coming from the left side has to cross the midline

117
Q

In adults, this crosses the midline immediately posterior to the manubrium and delivers blood from the left side of the head and neck, the left upper limb, and part of the left thoracic wall into the superior vena cava

A

LEFT BRACHIOCEPHALIC VEIN

118
Q

These structures drain posterior and lateral parts of the left thoracic wall and passes immediately anterior to the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae, flowing into the azygos vein on the right side, that ultimately connects with the superior vena cava

A

HEMIAZYGOS AND ACCESSORY HEMIAZYGOS VEINS

119
Q

Reflects the segmental organization of the wall

A

THE ARRANGEMENT OF VESSELS AND NERVES THAT SUPPLY THE THORACIC WALL

120
Q

What are the sources of the arteries to the wall that arises

A

~THORACIC AORTA

~PAIR OF VESSELS(INTERNAL THORACIC ARTERIES)

121
Q

Where is the thoracic aorta located

A

IN POSTERIOR MEDIASTINUM

122
Q

Runs along the deep aspect of the anterior thoracic wall on either side of the sternum

A

INTERNAL THORACIC ARTERIES

123
Q

Structures that branches segmentally from the internal thoracic arteries and pass laterally around the wall, mainly along the inferior margin of each rib

A

POSTERIOR AND ANTERIOR INTERCOSTAL VESSELS

124
Q

Structure that runs with posterior and anterior intercostal vessels which innervates the wall, related parietal pleura, and associated skin

A

INTERCOSTAL NERVES

125
Q

Reflects the segmental organization of the thoracic spinal nerves

A

DERMATOMES OF THORAX

126
Q

Located mostly in the upper limb, not on the trunk.

It is an exception because it occurs anteriorly and superiorly

A

FIRST THORACIC DERMATOME

127
Q

Receives branches from the anterior ramus of C4 via supraclavicular branches of the cervical plexus

A

ANTEROSUPERIOR REGION OF THE TRUNK

128
Q

What is the highest thoracic dermatome on the anterior chest wall, which also extends into the upper limb

129
Q

It is located over the xiphoid process and is innervated by the T6

130
Q

Follows the contour of the ribs onto the anterior abdominal wall

A

DERMATOMES OF T7 TO T12

131
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

All preganglionic nerve fibers of the sympathetic system are carried out of the spinal nerves T1 to L2

132
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Sympathetic fibers found anywhere in the body ultimately emerge from the spinal cord as components of these spinal nerves

133
Q

Fibers carried out of the spinal cord in spinal nerve T1

A

PREGANGLIONIC SYMPATHETIC FIBERS DESTINED FOR THE HEAD

134
Q

It is expandable because most ribs articulate with other components of the wall by true joints that allows movement, and because of the shape and orientation of the ribs

A

THORACIC WALL

135
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

A rib’s posterior attachment is superior to its anterior attachment.

136
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

When a rib is elevated, it moves the anterior thoracic wall forward relative to the posterior wall, which is fixed

137
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
the middle part of each rib is inferior to its two ends, so that when this region of the rib is elevated, it expands the thoracic wall laterally

138
Q

YES OR NO:

Is the diaphragm muscular or not?

139
Q

It changes volume of the thorax in the vertical direction

140
Q

Factors that are important for breathing

A

CHANGES IN THE ANTERIOR, LATERAL, AND VERTICAL DIMENSIONS OF THE THORACIC CAVITY

141
Q

What innervates the diaphragm?

A

PHRENIC NERVES

142
Q

Original form of phrenic nerves

A

BRANCHES OF THE CERVICAL PLEXUS IN THE NECK

143
Q

Where does phrenic nerves arise from?

A

THE ANTERIOR RAMI OF CERVICAL NERVES C3, C4, AND C5,WITH MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS COMING FROM C4

144
Q

Passes vertically through the neck, the superior thoracic aperture, and mediastinum to supply motor innervation to the entire diaphragm, including the crura.

A

PHRENIC NERVES

145
Q

Muscular extensions that attach the diaphragm to the upper lumbar vertebrae

146
Q

In the mediastinum, the phrenic nerves pass anteriorly to where?

A

TO THE ROOTS OF THE LUNGS

147
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The tissue that gives rise to the diaphragm originates superiorly to the ultimate location ofthe diaphragm

148
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Spinal cords below the level of the origin of the phrenic nerves still affect the movement of the diaphragm

A

FALSE, IT DOES NOT AFFECT THE MOVEMENT OF THE DIAPHRAGM ANYMORE.

GENERAL ANATOMY: PRELIMS (7 decks)

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