PRELIMS REVIEWER Flashcards
synthesizes large amount of proteins for export
rough endoplasmic reticulum
transforms chemical energy to form freed energy
mitochondria
interspersed with carbohydrates which function for cell-to-cell communication
cell wall
functions for detoxification
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
modifies proteins and packages them
golgi apparatus
contains enzymes that digest waste materials
lysosomes
where transcription takes place
nucleus
fluid portion of the cell where the organelles are located
cytoplasm
maintains shape of nucleus
intermediate filaments
facilitate movement of chromosomes towards centromeres
centrioles
study of inherited traits
genetics
DNA building block - gene - chromosome - protein
from smallest to largest
number of sets of our genome in most of our cells
2
number of pairs of chromosomes in humans
23 pairs
change in DNA sequence is called?
mutation
a human cell has __ pairs of autosomes and __ pair of sex chromosomes
22 autosomes, 1 sex chromosomes
during transcription, the sequence of one strand of a DNA molecule is copied into a related molecule known as
messenger RNA
where is selective breeding first applied to?
horses
_______ argued that blood contained materials for building all parts of the body
Aristotle
belief that miniature humans were inside the head of the sperm
concept of preformation
the discovery of trisomy 21 was made via ________
karyograms
stop codons
UAA UAG UGA
nucleosides are?
sugar + nitrogenous base
who is the father of genetics?
Gregor Mendel
DNA forms a new DNA
replication
- anticodon or complementary codon is matched to the RNA coding for a specific amino acid
- mRNA binds to a ribosome that reads the triplet codons
translation
- section of the DNA is replicated in the newly assembled form of mRNA
- first step in gene replication
transcription
proteins which wrap around the DNA to produce the condensed form of chromosomes
histones
chromosomes that have no p arm
telocentric
clear extensions on the p arm of the acrocentric chromosomes
satellites
procedure of culturing cells until they reach mitosis and observing the chromosomes under the microscope
karyotyping
part of the chromosome that contains 171 DNA bases on repeat
centromere
DNA replicated during the ________ of the cell cycle
s phase
phase of mitosis when the chromosomes coil tightly around the chromosomal proteins and condense
prophase
in mitosis, DNA replication produces sister chromatids. in meiosis, ________ are produced by DNA replication
tetrads
substances that ensures the cell cycle continues on to mitosis
survivins
during this phase, the centromere disappears
anaphase
repeating base pairs in the telomere
TTAGGG
chromosomes where satellites are present
13, 14, 15, 21, 22
part of the chromatin where gene expressing occurs
euchromatin
observation in the karyotype of the down’s syndrome
triple copies of chromosome 21
the point in the cell cycle when mitosis begins
each chromosome consists of two identical chromatids joined at the centromere
order of events in the cell cycle
G1 to S to G2 to mitosis
a cell that can divide to give rise to any cell type, including those of membranes that support the developing embryo
multipotent
process of splitting between the organelles, cytoplasm, and cell membrane
cytokinesis
does not divide during cell division
nucleolus
