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CYTOGENETICS > 4 - CENTRAL DOGMA > Flashcards

4 - CENTRAL DOGMA Flashcards

1
Q
  • Proposed by Watson and Crick in 1950
  • Described the relationship between nucleic acid and proteins as a directional flow of information
  • Deals with the detailed residue-by-residue transfer of sequential information
A

Central Dogma

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2
Q

3 important steps of the central dogma

A
  1. Transcription
  2. Translation
  3. DNA Replication
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3
Q

Monomer units or building blocks of nucleic acids

A

Nucleotides

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4
Q

Components of nucleotides

A

Sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphate group

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5
Q

Functions of nucleotides

A
  • Part of the coenzymes
  • Serves as donors of the phosphoric group (ATP, GTP), of sugars (UDP or GDP sugars), or of lipids
  • Regulatory second messengers
  • Chemotherapy and immune suppression
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6
Q
  • Nitrogen-containing heterocycles
  • Cyclic compounds whose rings contain both carbon and other elements
  • These are information-containing parts of the DNA because they form sequences
A

Nitrogenous Base

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7
Q

thousand base pairs

A

Kilobase

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8
Q

million base pairs

A

Megabase

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9
Q
  • 6-membered ring containing 2 nitrogens
  • Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine
A

Pyrimidines (CUT)

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10
Q
  • 9-membered ring consisting of 4 nitrogens
  • Adenine, Guanine
A

Purines (AG)

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11
Q
  • Pairing of the single ring pyrimidine with the double-ring purine
  • Ensures the symmetrical double helix formation of the DNA
A

Complementary Base Pairs

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12
Q

Complementary base pairs are held together by?

A

hydrogen bonds

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13
Q

5-membered rings of sugar

A

Pentoses

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14
Q

2 types of pentoses

RNA (hydroxyl group, OH)

A

Ribose

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15
Q

2 types of pentoses

DNA, no oxygen (H)

A

Deoxyribose

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16
Q

Derivatives of purine and pyrimidines that have a sugar linked to the ring of nitrogen

A

Nucleoside

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17
Q

Nucleosides are linked by?

A

B-N-glycosidic bond

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18
Q
  • Forms the backbone of the DNA
  • One chain runs in 5’ to 3’ direction while the other is 3’ to 5’
A

Phosphate

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19
Q

opposing orientation of the 2 nucleotide chains

A

Antiparallelism

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20
Q

links sugar base of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of the adjacent nucleotide

A

ester bonds

21
Q
  • Production of new DNA for cell division
  • Proceeds in a 5’ to 3’ direction
A

DNA Synthesis or Replication

22
Q

Absolute requirements for DNA synthesis

A
  • Free 3’-OH group
  • DNA template (ssDNA)
23
Q
  • Helicase binds to ORI protein of the parent and separates strands
  • Unwinding begins at the A-T rich region and binding proteins keep strands apart
  • Primase makes a short stretch of RNA on the DNA template
A

Step 1: Unwinding of DNA

24
Q

Replication fork — appearance of the unwound DNA when it starts to form the leading and lagging strand

A

Step 2: Replication Fork Formation

25
Q
  • DNA polymerase adds DNA nucleotides to the RNA primer
  • DNA polymerase proofreading activity checks and replaces incorrect bases
A

Step 3: DNA Polymerase Replication

26
Q
  • The primary replicase enzyme that performs the elongation of the DNA strand
  • It adds nucleotides first to the RNA primer and then grows the chain by creating the phosphodiester bonds
  • It also has a 3’-5’ proofreading (exonuclease) function that removes incorrectly incorporated nucleotides
A

DNA Polymerase

27
Q
  • Continuous strand synthesis continues in a 5’-3’ direction in the leading strand
  • Discontinuous synthesis produces Okazaki fragments on the 5’-3’ template of the lagging strand
A

Step 4: Formation of Okazaki Fragments

28
Q
  • Enzymes — remove RNA primers
  • Ligase — seals sugar-phosphate backbone and joins Okazaki fragments together
  • Replication is completed by filling in the gaps by DNA polymerase and DNA ligase
A

Step 5: Removal of RNA Primers

29
Q
  • DNA molecules are extremely long, thus, it is packed into a chromosome that, during cell division, is only 2 micrometers (millionths of a meter long)
  • To fit inside the nucleus, the DNA molecule must fold so tightly that its compacted length shrinks by a factor of 7,000
  • DNA coils around proteins called histones that resemble beads on a string
A

DNA Synthesis

30
Q

Enzymes in DNA Replication

unwinds parental double helix

A

Helicase

31
Q

Enzymes in DNA Replication

stabilize separate strands

A

Binding proteins

32
Q

Enzymes in DNA Replication

adds short primer to template strand

A

Primase

33
Q

Enzymes in DNA Replication

binds nucleotides to form new strands

A

DNA polymerase

34
Q

Enzymes in DNA Replication

joins Okazaki fragments and seals other nicks in sugar-phosphate backbone

A

Ligase

35
Q

A polymer of purine and pyrimidine ribonucleotides linked together by 3’-5’ phosphodiester bridges analogous to those in DNA

A

RNA

36
Q
  • Usually double-stranded
  • Thymine as a base
  • Deoxyribose as the sugar
  • Maintains protein-encoding information
  • Cannot function as an enzyme
  • Persists
A

DNA

37
Q
  • Usually single-stranded
  • Uracil as a base
  • Ribose as the sugar
  • Carries protein-encoding information and controls how information is used
  • Can function as an enzyme
  • Short-lived
A

RNA

38
Q
  • Long straight chain of nucleotides
  • Made in the nucleus during transcription
  • Copies DNA and leaves through nuclear pores
  • Contains the nitrogen bases (A, G, C, U (no T))
  • Carries the information for several amino acids forming a specific protein
  • Made up of 500 to 1000 nucleotides long
  • Contains the sequence of 3 bases called codon
A

mRNA — Messenger RNA

39
Q

start codon

A

AUG (methionine)

40
Q

stop codon

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

41
Q
  • Single strand, 100-3000 nucleotides long
  • Globular in shape
  • Made inside the nucleus of a cell by the nucleolus
  • Associates with proteins to form ribosomes
  • Helps protein synthesis
A

rRNA — Ribosomal RNA

42
Q
  • Clover-leaf shape
  • Single-stranded molecule with attachment site at one end for an amino acid
  • Opposite end has three nucleotide bases called the anticodon
A

tRNA — Transfer RNA

43
Q
  • First step in gene replication
  • Because the DNA is too big to exit the nucleus, a small copy of it must be created and exits to the cytoplasm
A

Transcription

44
Q

splits the DNA strand molecule

A

RNA polymerase enzyme

45
Q

3 stages of transcription

control point that determines which genes are transcribed

A

Initiation

46
Q

3 stages of transcription

RNA nucleotides are added

A

Elongation

47
Q

3 stages of transcription

a terminator sequence/region signals the end of transcription

A

Termination

48
Q
  • The mRNA is translated to synthesize proteins
  • Each amino acid is formed by 3 nitrogenous bases
  • In the cytoplasm, the ribosomes read the sequence of the RNA in groups of three bases
  • An anticodon or complementary codon is matched to the RNA coding for a specific amino acid
A

Translation/Protein Synthesis

CYTOGENETICS (11 decks)

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