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CYTOGENETICS > 2 - CELL AND CHROMOSOME ANATOMY > Flashcards

2 - CELL AND CHROMOSOME ANATOMY Flashcards

1
Q
  • Basic unit of life and comprise the entire human body
  • Aggregate and interact to form tissue
A

Cell

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2
Q

body cells; have 2 copies of the genome (diploid)

A

Somatic cells

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3
Q

sperm and egg cells; 1 copy of the genome (haploid)

A

Germ cells

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4
Q
  • Composed of a double layer (bilayer) of molecules called phospholipids
  • Gives shape to the cell
  • Regulates the passages of ions and macromolecules in and out of the cell
A

Plasma Membrane

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5
Q

hydrophilic layer

A

Phosphate

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6
Q

hydrophobic layer

A

2 fatty acid chains

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7
Q

proteins that protrude all through the membrane

A

Integral proteins

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8
Q

proteins only on one side of the membrane

A

Peripheral

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9
Q
  • The most prominent organelle
  • Surrounded by a layer called the nuclear envelope
  • Contains nuclear pores that allow movement of biochemicals
A

Nucleus

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10
Q

Provide energy by transforming the chemical energy of metabolites present in the cytoplasm into freed energy for biosynthesis and motor activity of cells

A

Mitochondria

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11
Q

mitochondrial inner membrane forms folds called

A

cristae

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12
Q

outer membrane of the mitochondria

A

matrix or space

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13
Q
  • Interconnected membranous tubules and sacs
  • Winds from the nuclear envelope to the plasma membrane
A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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14
Q

contains ribosomes and is involved in protein synthesis

A

Rough ER

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15
Q

RER expands into broad flat saccules called

A

cisternae

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16
Q

does not contain ribosomes and is important in lipid synthesis, and detoxification

A

Smooth ER

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17
Q

Proteins exit in the ER in membrane-bounded, saclike organelles called

18
Q
  • Stack of interconnected flat, membrane-enclosed sacs
  • Site for concentration, chemical modification, storage, and packaging of the secretory products of the RER
  • Products are released as secretory vesicles that bud off to the plasma membrane
A

Golgi Apparatus

19
Q
  • Vesicles containing 43 types of digestive/hydrolytic enzymes
  • Dismantle bacterial remnants, worn-out organelles, and excess cholesterol for intracellular digestion
20
Q
  • Consists of nine microtubular triplets and usually come in pairs called centrosomes
  • Serve as the cell’s skeletal system
  • Help determine the locations of the nucleus and other organelles within the cell
  • At the onset of mitosis, the centrosomes move to opposite sides of the nucleus and become the two poles of the mitotic spindle of microtubules attaching to chromosomes
A

Centrioles

21
Q

A meshwork of protein rods and tubules providing overall 3D shapes

A

Cytoskeleton

22
Q

Types of Cytoskeleton

made of tubulin that maintains the cell’s architecture, positioning organelles and track for movement of organelles

A

microtubules

23
Q

Types of Cytoskeleton

consist of actin which are contractile filaments

A

microfilaments

24
Q

Types of Cytoskeleton

made of more than one protein type which maintains the shape of the nucleus

A

Intermediate filaments

25
Q

highly condensed form of DNA

A

Chromosomes

26
Q

DNA is wrapped with proteins called ? to form nucleosomes

27
Q

Nucleosomes are then condensed into

A

chromatic fiber

28
Q

chromosomes are further condensed during ? into the familiar shape

29
Q
  • More condensed due to highly repetitive sequences
  • Gene poor (high AT content)
  • Where gene silencing occurs (by methylation)
  • Stains darker
A

Heterochromatin

30
Q
  • Less condensed due to many protein coding sequences
  • Gene rich (higher GC content)
  • Where gene expression occurs
  • Stains lighter
A

Euchromatin

31
Q
  • Chromosome tips
  • Repeats of 6 specific DNA bases (TTAGGG)
  • Act as a biological clock
  • Shortens after each mitosis
32
Q
  • Middle region where spindle fibers attach during mitosis
  • Highly condensed
A

Centromeres

33
Q
  • The smaller of the 2 arms
  • P stands for petite
34
Q
  • The longer of the 2 arms
  • Q just because it’s next to P
35
Q

From the centromere outward

A

band numbering

36
Q

Chromosome Types

  • No p arm
  • Centromere is on top end
  • Not present in humans
A

Telocentric

37
Q

Chromosome Types

  • Very small p arm
  • Centromere is very near end
A

Acrocentric

38
Q

Chromosome Types

  • P arm is just a little smaller than q arm
  • Centromere in middle
A

Submetacentric

39
Q

Chromosome Types

  • P and q arms are exactly the same length
  • Centromere in exact middle of the chromosome
  • Centromere is very near end
A

Metacentric

40
Q
  • Blob-like ends that extend from a thin stalk-like bridge
  • Do not stain; thus are not seen in the karyotype
  • Contain many copies of genes encoding for ribosomes
  • Found in chromosome 13, 14, 15, 21, 22
A

Satellites

41
Q
  • Individual’s chromosomes in metaphase, spread out on a slide
  • Used to study chromosomes
  • Identify chromosomal abnormalities

CYTOGENETICS (11 decks)

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