2 - CELL AND CHROMOSOME ANATOMY

Question 1

• Basic unit of life and comprise the entire human body
• Aggregate and interact to form tissue

Answer 1

Cell

Question 2

body cells; have 2 copies of the genome (diploid)

Answer 2

Somatic cells

Question 3

sperm and egg cells; 1 copy of the genome (haploid)

Answer 3

Germ cells

Question 4

• Composed of a double layer (bilayer) of molecules called phospholipids
• Gives shape to the cell
• Regulates the passages of ions and macromolecules in and out of the cell

Answer 4

Plasma Membrane

Question 5

hydrophilic layer

Answer 5

Phosphate

Question 6

hydrophobic layer

Answer 6

2 fatty acid chains

Question 7

proteins that protrude all through the membrane

Answer 7

Integral proteins

Question 8

proteins only on one side of the membrane

Answer 8

Peripheral

Question 9

• The most prominent organelle
• Surrounded by a layer called the nuclear envelope
• Contains nuclear pores that allow movement of biochemicals

Answer 9

Nucleus

Question 10

Provide energy by transforming the chemical energy of metabolites present in the cytoplasm into freed energy for biosynthesis and motor activity of cells

Answer 10

Mitochondria

Question 11

mitochondrial inner membrane forms folds called

Answer 11

cristae

Question 12

outer membrane of the mitochondria

Answer 12

matrix or space

Question 13

• Interconnected membranous tubules and sacs
• Winds from the nuclear envelope to the plasma membrane

Answer 13

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 14

contains ribosomes and is involved in protein synthesis

Answer 14

Rough ER

Question 15

RER expands into broad flat saccules called

Answer 15

cisternae

Question 16

does not contain ribosomes and is important in lipid synthesis, and detoxification

Answer 16

Smooth ER

Question 17

Proteins exit in the ER in membrane-bounded, saclike organelles called

Answer 17

vesicles

Question 18

• Stack of interconnected flat, membrane-enclosed sacs
• Site for concentration, chemical modification, storage, and packaging of the secretory products of the RER
• Products are released as secretory vesicles that bud off to the plasma membrane

Answer 18

Golgi Apparatus

Question 19

• Vesicles containing 43 types of digestive/hydrolytic enzymes
• Dismantle bacterial remnants, worn-out organelles, and excess cholesterol for intracellular digestion

Answer 19

Lysosomes

Question 20

• Consists of nine microtubular triplets and usually come in pairs called centrosomes
• Serve as the cell’s skeletal system
• Help determine the locations of the nucleus and other organelles within the cell
• At the onset of mitosis, the centrosomes move to opposite sides of the nucleus and become the two poles of the mitotic spindle of microtubules attaching to chromosomes

Answer 20

Centrioles

Question 21

A meshwork of protein rods and tubules providing overall 3D shapes

Answer 21

Cytoskeleton

Question 22

Types of Cytoskeleton

made of tubulin that maintains the cell’s architecture, positioning organelles and track for movement of organelles

Answer 22

microtubules

Question 23

Types of Cytoskeleton

consist of actin which are contractile filaments

Answer 23

microfilaments

Question 24

Types of Cytoskeleton

made of more than one protein type which maintains the shape of the nucleus

Answer 24

Intermediate filaments

Question 25

highly condensed form of DNA

Answer 25

Chromosomes

Question 26

DNA is wrapped with proteins called ? to form nucleosomes

Answer 26

histones

Question 27

Nucleosomes are then condensed into

Answer 27

chromatic fiber

Question 28

chromosomes are further condensed during ? into the familiar shape

Answer 28

metaphase

Question 29

* More condensed due to highly repetitive sequences * Gene poor (high AT content) * Where gene silencing occurs (by methylation) * Stains darker

Answer 29

Heterochromatin

Question 30

* Less condensed due to many protein coding sequences * Gene rich (higher GC content) * Where gene expression occurs * Stains lighter

Answer 30

Euchromatin

Question 31

* Chromosome tips * Repeats of 6 specific DNA bases (TTAGGG) * Act as a biological clock * Shortens after each mitosis

Answer 31

Telomeres

Question 32

* Middle region where spindle fibers attach during mitosis * Highly condensed

Answer 32

Centromeres

Question 33

* The smaller of the 2 arms * P stands for petite

Answer 33

P arm

Question 34

* The longer of the 2 arms * Q just because it’s next to P

Answer 34

Q arm

Question 35

From the centromere outward

Answer 35

band numbering

Question 36

# Chromosome Types * No p arm * Centromere is on top end * Not present in humans

Answer 36

Telocentric

Question 37

# Chromosome Types * Very small p arm * Centromere is very near end

Answer 37

Acrocentric

Question 38

# Chromosome Types * P arm is just a little smaller than q arm * Centromere in middle

Answer 38

Submetacentric

Question 39

# Chromosome Types * P and q arms are exactly the same length * Centromere in exact middle of the chromosome * Centromere is very near end

Answer 39

Metacentric

Question 40

* Blob-like ends that extend from a thin stalk-like bridge * Do not stain; thus are not seen in the karyotype * Contain many copies of genes encoding for ribosomes * Found in chromosome 13, 14, 15, 21, 22

Answer 40

Satellites

Question 41

* Individual’s chromosomes in metaphase, spread out on a slide * Used to study chromosomes * Identify chromosomal abnormalities

Answer 41

Karyotype