Prelims Quiz 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Parts of the ORAL CAVITY
A
teeth, tongue, hard palate, and soft palate.
2
Q
First step in digestion
A
ingestion
3
Q
This is where the teeth and tongue work with salivary glands to break down food into small masses that can be swallowed, preparing them for the journey through the alimentary canal.
A
ingestion
4
Q
___________ BEGINS WHEN THE TEETH BREAK DOWN INGESTED FOOD
A
MECHANICAL DIGESTION
5
Q
SALIVA MOISTENS FOOD AND BEGINS THE PROCESS OF ___________
A
CHEMICAL DIGESTION
6
Q
There are three pairs of salivary glands
A
parotid
sublingual
and submandibular (also called the submaxillary gland).
7
Q
The tongue manipulates the chewed food into a small mass called a __________
A
Bolus
8
Q
3 stages of swallowing
A
Oral (voluntary)
pharyngeal (involuntary)
Esophageal (LES relaxed)
9
Q
5 steps in 1 second
A
- Soft palate is elevated + retracted to prevent nasopharingeal reflux
- Vocal cords are closed Epiglottis swings backward closure the larynx
- UES relaxes
- Larynx is pulled upward streching, opening E and UES
- Contractions of pharyngeal muscle
10
Q
is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus.
A
GI tract (Gastrointestinal tract)
11
Q
The hollow organs that make up the GI tract are (6)
A
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.
12
Q
solid organs of the digestive system.
A
liver, pancreas, and gallbladder
13
Q
3 Parts of the small intestine
A
DUODENUM
JEJUNUM
ILEUM
14
Q
The large intestine includes…..
A
appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum.
15
Q
is a finger-shaped pouch attached to the cecum.
A
appendix
16
Q
is the first part of the large intestine.
A
cecum
17
Q
Bacteria in your GI tract, also called______ or ______ help with digestion
A
gut flora or microbiome
18
Q
5 nerves that helps in swallowing process
A
5 nerves : V,VII, IX, X, XII
19
Q
Enzymes break down from starch —> sugars
A
Amylase
20
Q
Enzymes break down from proteins —> amino acids
A
Protease
21
Q
Enzymes break down from lipids—-> Fatty acids + glycerol
A
Lipase
22
Q
Enzymes break down from nucleic acids —-> nucleotides
A
Nuclease
23
Q
Functions of the stomach acids ( SF, PD,AP,AIF,SDB,CES, OPS)
A
- Sterilizes food
- Protein digestion
- Activating Pepsin
- Activating Intrinsic Factor
- Stimulating the Delivery of Bile and Enzeymes
- Closing of the Esophageal Sphincter
- Opening the Pyloric Sphincter
24
Q
Gastric Acid pH?
A
1.0 - 3.5 pH
25
is the mixing wave inside the stomach which force the chyme toward and through the pyloric sphincter.
Churning Motion
26
is a protein that helps your intestines absorb vitamin B12. It is made by cells in the stomach lining.
INTRINSIC FACTOR
27
is made of HCL, Potassium Cl, Sodium Cl which is good for digestion of proteins.
GASTRIC ACID
28
Electrolytes that made up the gastric acid
HCL,
Potassium Chloride,
Sodium Chloride
29
It propels the content/chyme from small intestine toward the colon.
INTESTINAL PERISTALSIS
30
_____hours- from ingestion of food to terminal ileum
4 hours
31
_____hours- for food to reach rectum
12 hours
32
Secretion of lubricating fluid
containing enzymes that
break down carbohydrates
SALIVARY GLANDS
33
Pharyngeal muscles propel
materials into the esophagus
Pharynx
34
Transport of materials to the stomach
Esophagus
35
Chemical breakdown of materials via acid and
enzymes; mechanical processing through muscular contractions
STOMACH
36
Exocrine cells secrete butters and digestive enzymes;
endocrine cells secrete hormones
PANCREAS
37
Enzymatic digestion and absorption of water, organic
substrates, vitamins, and ions
SMALL INTESTINE
38
Mechanical processing, moistening, mixing with salivary secretions
ORAL CAVITY, TEETH, TONGUE
39
Secretion of bile important for lipid digestion), storage of nutrients, many other vital functions
LIVER
40
Storage and concentration of bile
Gallbladder
41
Dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials in preparation for elimination
Large Intestine
42
Breaks up food particles
Assists in producing
spoken language
Mouth
43
Organ for Swallowing
Pharynx
44
Breaks down and builds up
many biological molecules
Stores vitamins and iron
Destroys old blood cells
Destroys poisons
Bile aids in digestion
Liver
45
Stores and concentrates bile
Gallbladder
46
Completes digestion
Mucus protects gut wall
Absorbs nutrients, most water
Peptidase digests proteins
Sucrases digest sugars
Amylase digests polysaccharides
Small intestine
47
Saliva moistens and
lubricates food
Amylase digests
polysaccharides
Salivary glands
48
Transports food
Esophagus
49
Stores and churns food
Pepsin digest protein
HI activates enzymes, breaks
up food, kills germs
Mucus protects stomach wall
Limited absorption
Stomach
50
Hormones regulate blood glucose levels
Bicarbonates neutralize stomach acid
Trypsin and chymotrypsin digest proteins
Amylase digests polysaccharides
I Lipase digests lipids
Pancreas
51
Reabsorts some water
and ions
Forms and stores feces
Large intestines
52
Process of Digestion ( IPM CAD)
● Ingestion
● Propulsion
● Mechanical Or Physical Digestion
● Chemical Digestion
● Absorption
● Defecation
53
Dental issues
1. Dental Caries and Cavities
2. Mouth/ Oral Sores
54
CAUSES:
● poor oral hygiene
● dietary habits
● Smoking
● gingival inflammation
● genetic difference
● dysfunction of the salivary glands such as the activity
of salivary proteins
ORAL DYSBIOSIS
55
_____bacteria that cause stomach ulcers can migrate to your mouth and affects gum tissues. The oral sores might trigger pain and discomfort.
H. pylori
56
is a type of yeast infection that develops inside your mouth and tongue.
OROPHARYNGEAL CANDIDIASIS
57
Normal state of the mouth
Oral Symbiosis
58
Causes of Oral Thrush
- Dentures - Diabetes - Cancer
- HIV/AIDS
- Smoke/tobacco and alcohol
- Antibiotics or corticosteroids, including inhaled corticosteroids - Medications that cause dry mouth
- Medical conditions that cause dry mouth.
59
Management of Oral Thrush ( 4 )
● Oral hygiene, Oral wash/ mouthwash
● Antibiotics/ antifungal medications (Fluconazole,
Nystatin, Gentian violet)
● Use warm saltwater oral rinses.
● Take probiotics.
60
Common problem in the elderly patients and frequently associated with poor prognosis owing to a high incidence of aspiration
MOTILITY DISORDER IN THE OROPHARYNX
61
Swallowing difficulty is called_____
Dysphagia
62
4 Types of Dysphagia
1. Oropharyngeal dysphagia
2. Esophageal dysphagea
3. Functional Dysphagia
4. Neuromuscular Symptom Complex
63
Difficulty initiating swallowing
Oropharyngeal dysphagia:
64
Difficulty passing food down the esophagus
Esophageal dysphagia:
65
Sensation of difficulty swallowing not associated
with anatomic abnormalities or injury
Functional dysphagia:
66
Experiences gradually progressive difficulty in swallowing solid food and liquids due to neurodegenerative, motor neuron disease, or damage to the central nervous system
Neuromuscular symptom
complex:
67
Type of Dysphagia : Mouth Cancer
Oropharyngeal Dysphagia
68
Type of Dysphagia: GERD
Esophageal Dysphagia
69
Type of Dysphagia: Coma
Neuromuscular Symptom Complex
70
Type of Dysphagia: Head injury
Functional Dysphagia
71
Causes of Dysphagia
- stroke, head injury, or dementia.
- mouth cancer or oesophageal cancer.
- gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD)
72
ESOPHAGEAL DISORDER
● GERD
● Motility disorders
● Esophagitis (infection, chemicals, pills)
● Neurological disorders
● Skeletal muscle disorders
● Varices
● Mallory-Weiss sy.
● Barrett's
● Tumors
73
is a rare disorder that makes it difficult for food and liquid to pass from the swallowing tube connecting your mouth and stomach (esophagus) into your stomach.
Achalasia Cardia
74
Causes of Achalasia Cardia
● Smooth muscle diseases (scleroderma).
● Intrinsic nervous system
75
- loss of ganglion cells in Auerbach plexus
- no peristalsis
Achalasia
76
American Trypanosomiasis AKA….
Chagas Disease
77
Causative agent of Chagas Disease
Trypanosoma Cruzi
78
HEARTBURN aka
OESOPHAGITIS
79
Burning retrosternal pain radiating upward due to exposure of the oesophagus to acid.
Heartburn / OESOPHAGITIS
80
Endoscopically demonstrated damage to the oesophageal mucosa.
Oesophagitis
81
refers to a TEAR or laceration of the mucous membrane, most commonly at the point where the esophagus and the stomach meet (gastroesophageal junction).
MALLORY-WEISS SYNDROME
82
Abnormal lining of esophagus
Lower Esophageal sphincter open —-> Stomach Acid and contents enter esophagus, damaging the lining
BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS
83
also known as acid reflux
GASTROESOPHAGEAL RENAX DISORDER (GERD)
84
SYMPTOMS of GERD
● Heartburn
● Chest pain
● Throat pain
● Nausea
● Halitosis
● Burning sensations
● Bad taste in the mouth
85
Management of GERD
Protective measures can be taken in order to prevent enamel erosion, including (but not limited to):
● Prescription oral rinses
● Fluoride treatments
● More frequent dental hygiene visits
86
● proximal or distal
● congenital or secondary to GERD
SCHATZKI'S RING
87
- upper E web
- dysphagia
- Iron Deficiency Anemia
PLUMMER VINSON SYNDROME
88
SYMPTOMS IF DIAMETER < 13 MM
TREATMENT: ______
● intermittent dysphagia for solid food
● sudden: "steak house syndrome"
Treatment: mechanical dilators
89
Causes of PEPTIC ULCERS
CAUSES:
● H. Pylori
● NSAIDS
● Mental stress
● Smoking
● Alcohol
● Genetics
90
are abnormal, enlarged veins in the tube that connects the throat and stomach (esophagus).
ESOPHAGEAL VARICES
91
This condition occurs most often in people with_________________.
Esophageal varices develop when normal blood flow to the liver is blocked by a clot or scar tissue in the liver.
serious liver diseases
92
Watchout for signs/symptoms of ________ Varices
BLEEDING
93
_______ MOISTENS FOOD AND BEGINS THE CHEMICAL DIGESTION PROCESS
SALIVA
94
SECRETES BILE TO EMULSIFY FATS IN THE SMALL INTESTINE
LIVER
95
STORES BILE
THE GALL BLADDER
96
_______ are pieces of solid material that can form from stored bile in the gall bladder. They range from tiny specks to the size of golf balls.
Gallstones
97
is a green, pear-shaped sac about 10 cm or 4 in. long that stores and concentrates excess bile secreted by the liver.
GALL BLADDER
98
_______ is released by the gall bladder as needed into the small intestine.
Bile
99
Signs of a gallstone attack include
nausea, vomiting, or pain in the abdomen, back, or just under the right arm.
100
a mix of digestive enzymes, water, buffers (bicarbonates), and electrolytes produced by acinar and epithelial cells.
pancreas secretes pancreatic juice
101
Pancreatic juice drains through the main pancreatic duct (duct of Wirsung) into the common bile duct and then into the small intestine..
True
102
responsible for synthesizing bile salts; these salts are transferred into the gallbladder as bile.
Liver
103
responsible for synthesizing bile salts; these salts are transferred into the gallbladder as bile.
Gallbladder
