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Hematology 1 [LAB] > PRELIMS POST-LAB > Flashcards

PRELIMS POST-LAB Flashcards

1
Q

 [?]is recommended; not shaking.

A

Inversion

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2
Q

 Specimens are transported in an [?] to ensure complete clot formation and reduce agitation.

A

upright position

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3
Q

 Samples of patients with known [?] shown be pre-warmed before testing.

A

Cold Agglutinin Antibodies

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4
Q

 Specimens for routine testing should be delivered to the laboratory within [?] of collection.

A

45 minutes to 1 hour

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5
Q

Requirements of a Quality Specimen

 Patient properly (?)
 Patient properly (?) for draw
 Specimen collected in the correct (?) and labelled correctly
 Correct (?) used
 Specimen properly mixed by (?) if required
 Specimens not (?)
 Specimens requiring (?) collected in a timely manner
 Timed specimen drawn at the (?)

A

identified
prepared
order
anticoagulants and preservatives
inversion
hemolyzed
patient fasting
correct time

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6
Q

REASONS for SPECIMEN REJECTION

 The test order (?) and the (?) identification do not match.
 The (?) is unlabelled, or the labelling, including patient ID number, is incorrect.
 The specimen is (?).
 The specimen was collected at the (?).
 The specimen is collected at the (?).
 The specimen was (?), and the test requires whole blood.
 The specimen was contaminated with (?).
 The specimen is (?).

A

requisition; tube
tube
hemolyzed
wrong time
wrong tube
clotted
intravenous fluid
lipemic

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7
Q

Basic Hematologic Methods of Examination

A

QUALITATIVE Analysis
QUANTITATIVE Analysis

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8
Q

establishing morphological characteristics of cells in the blood, and blood – forming organs; and the presence of foreign elements in cells.

A

QUALITATIVE Analysis

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9
Q

giving the number of blood cells; concentration of hemoglobin, hematocrit, so as erythrocytic and thrombocytic indices.

A

QUANTITATIVE Analysis

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10
Q

The oxygen – binding capacity of blood is directly proportional to the [?] rather than the red blood cell count.

A

hemoglobin concentration

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11
Q

is the most important screening test for diseases associated with anemia and for following the response of these diseases to treatment.

A

HEMOGLOBINOMETRY

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12
Q

Makes use of whole blood or plasma

A

Methodologies

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13
Q

Difficult to crystallize and accurately weigh hb

A

Indirect methods

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14
Q

Gasometric Method Device

A

Van Slyke Apparatus

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15
Q

blood = oxygen

(standard conditions of temperature and pressure)

A

Gasometric Method

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16
Q

Gasometric Method

Oxygen:
Hemoglobin:

A

Oxygen: 1.34 ml
Hemoglobin: 1 gram

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17
Q

Measures only active hemoglobin

A

Gasometric Method

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18
Q

iron (blood) +hb

measurement of the iron content reflects the amount of hemoglobin in the blood

A

CHEMICAL METHOD

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19
Q

Iron - hb (sulfuric acid +potassium persulfate)

A

WONG TEST

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20
Q

Proteins are precipitated by (?), and the iron in the proteinfree filtrates is made to form

A

tungstic acid
ferric thiocyanate

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21
Q

measured spectrophotometrically for the amount of iron and thus hemoglobin

A

ferric thiocyanate

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22
Q

WONG TEST

iron: (?) gram per (?) gram hemoglobin or per ml of blood

A

0.347
100
100

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23
Q

WONG TEST American standard

A

0.338 gram per 100 gram hb/100 ml blood

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24
Q

The iron content of whole blood is determined

A

ASSENDELFT TEST

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25
Q

Iron - hb ( acid or ashing) =✓ titrated (TiCl3) =✓ complexed (developer) =✓ measured photometrically

A

ASSENDELFT TEST

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26
Q

Hemoglobin concentration is determined by assessment of blood specific gravity.

A

GRAVIMETRIC METHOD (Copper Sulfate Method)

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27
Q

GRAVIMETRIC METHOD uses CuSO4 solution made to a specific gravity of

A

1.053 or 1.055

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28
Q

drop sinks = SG…

A

equals or exceeds that of the CuSO4 solution

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29
Q

drop rises = SG…

A

is less

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30
Q

GRAVIMETRIC METHOD

Drops of blood are made to fall into a series of (?) having SG from (?) at an interval of

A

40 CuSO4 solutions
1.035 to 1.075
0.001

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31
Q

16 solutions may be used (?) with an interval of (?)

A

1.015 to 1.075
0.004

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32
Q

If the SG is the same as that of the solution, it will remain (?) for (?) before it sinks.

A

stationary
10 – 15 secs

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33
Q

VALUES :

(?) for women (corresponds approximately to (?)

(?) for men (corresponding to (?) o

Normal range : (?)

A

1.053; 12.5 g/dL
1.055; 13.5 g/dL
1.048 – 1.066

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34
Q

This is used for mass screening.

A

GRAVIMETRIC METHOD

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35
Q

Based on the use of colour standards with which the red colour of the whole blood is matched.

A

DIRECT MATCHING METHODS

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36
Q
  • utilizes a printed colour scale graded from 10 to 100%
A

Tallqvist Hemoglobin Scale

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37
Q
  • this is matched with the colour of a drop of the patient’s blood on absorbent paper.
A

Tallqvist Hemoglobin Scale

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38
Q
  • highly erroneous because of subjectivity
A

Tallqvist Hemoglobin Scale

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39
Q
  • the percentages on the scale are not accurate
A

Tallqvist Hemoglobin Scale

40
Q
  • Blood is drawn by capillary attraction between two glass plates, one transparent and the other white and translucent.
A

Dare Hemoglobinometer

41
Q
  • The colour is matched with a rotating disk on tinted glass varying in thickness and red color intensity
A

Dare Hemoglobinometer

42
Q
  • Comparison of the transmission of light through a layer of hemolyzed blood (oxyhemoglobin) of constant depth with that of a standardized glass wedge with a transmission of 540 nm (green colour)
A

Spencer Hemoglobinometer

43
Q
  • The intensity of light is measured rather than the colour.
A

Spencer Hemoglobinometer

44
Q

The red cells are laked in dilute HCl, converting hemoglobin into acid hematin (brownish yellow color).

A

ACID HEMATIN

45
Q

The preparation id diluted with distilled water until the color of the solution matches that of the comparator block.

A

ACID HEMATIN

46
Q

The concentration of Hb is read directly from the gram scale etched on the tube

A

ACID HEMATIN

47
Q

produce more homogenous lipid and protein moiety than does the acid hematin method, producing a more accurate solution.

A

Fairly strong alkali solutions

48
Q

(COHb, SHb, Hi) are converted to hematin solution.

A

Inactive hemoglobin components

49
Q

NaOH: 5 ml of 0.1 N
Blood: 0.05 ml of blood

-heated in a boiling water bath for 4 - 5 mins
-cooled
-read against a standard

A

ALKALI HEMATIN METHOD

50
Q

(?) of blood + (?) Copper-free – glass – distilled aqueous NH4OH solution in a stoppered cuvette measured with a green filter at (?) nm with (?) as blank

A

0.02 ml
5 ml

540
0.007 N NH4OH

51
Q

is measured as oxyhb at 415 nm, the SORET band of maximal absorbance for oxyhemoglobin.

A

Plasma hb

52
Q

(absorbance band in the 400-430 nm region of the spectrum – which is actually the region of peak absorbance of heme compounds)

A

SORET band

53
Q

Plasma hb is measured as oxyhb at 415 nm, the SORET band (absorbance band in the 400-430 nm region of the spectrum – which is actually the region of peak absorbance of heme compounds) of maximal absorbance for oxyhemoglobin.

A

HARBOE Method : ALTERNATIVE METHOD

54
Q

 Uses benzidine derivatives in which hb catalyzes the rapid oxidation of benzidine by hydrogen peroxide

A

METHOD of NAUMANN

55
Q

 More sensitive but it is inaccurate because normal plasma contains hydrogen peroxide inhibitor, and benzidine is carcinogenic

A

METHOD of NAUMANN

56
Q

 Blood is diluted in a solution of K(FeCN)6 and KCN.

A

CYANMETHEMOGLOBIN (HiCN) Method

57
Q

 The K(FeCN)6 oxidizes hb to Hi and KCN provides cyanide ions to form HEMIGLOBINCYANIDE (HiCN), which has a broad absorption maximum at a wavelength of 540 nm.

A

CYANMETHEMOGLOBIN (HiCN) Method

58
Q

DRABKIN’S REAGENT

 K(FeCN)6 = 0.200 g
 KCN = 0.050 g
 KH2PO4 = 0.140 g
 Non – ionic detergent = 1 or 0.5 ml

Dilute to 1L with distilled water

A
59
Q

 20 ul of whole blood + 5.0 ml of DRABKIN’s Reagent

 Incubate for atleast 3 mins at room temperature

Absorbance read at 540 nm

A

DRABKIN’S METHOD

60
Q

 Corrected by adding 20 ul of patient’s plasma to Drabkins reagent to be used as blank

A

Lipemia

61
Q

 Corrected by centrifuging test mixture and determining the hb in the supernatant fluid

A

Extremely high WBC counts (>30 x 109/L)

62
Q

 These provide resistance of cells to hemolysis causing now turbidity.

A

Hb S and Hb C

63
Q

 Correction is done by diluting Hb mixture 1:2 by taking 1 part and adding one part of distilled water.

A

Hb S and Hb C

64
Q

 The absorbance reading must be multiplied by the dilution factor which is 2.

A

Hb S and Hb C

65
Q

 Corrected by replacing NaHCO3 with KH2PO4

A

Easily precipitated globulins (WM, MM)

66
Q

(?) in heavy smokers prolongs formation of HiCN to 1 hour. Readings taken at the normal pace cause erroneous results

A

Carboxyhemoglobin

67
Q

 Denotes the percentage of erythrocytes in a known volume of whole blood centrifuged at a constant speed for a constant period of time.

A

Hematocrit

68
Q

A small amount of whole blood is centrifuged to determine maximum packing of erythrocytes, expressed as PCV or Hct.

A

MICROHEMATOCRIT METHOD

69
Q

MICROHEMATOCRIT METHOD SPECIMEN REQUIREMENTS

A

 Anticoagulated Whole Blood (EDTA)
 Capillary blood collected in Heparinized Capillary Tubes
 Specimens should be stored at room temperature and be processed within 6 hours after blood collection.

70
Q

MICROHEMATOCRIT METHOD REAGENTS and EQUIPMENTS

A

 Capillary hematocrit tubes (with red band or plain)
 Non-absorbent sealing clay
 Microhematocrit reader device
 Microfuge with an RCF of 10,000 to 15,000 g

71
Q

PROCEDURE
1. Fill atleast two capillary tubes approximately (?) full.
2. (?) the unfilled end.
3. (?).
4. Determine microhematocrit value using the (?)
5. Results should agree within (?) for duplicates.

A

2/3
Seal
Centrifuge
microhematocrit reader
0.02L/L

72
Q

MICROHEMATOCRIT METHOD NORMAL VALUES
 VARIATION dependent on age and gender of the population

o Birth :
o Age 1 :
o Adult Female :
o Adult Male :

A

o Birth : 45%-60%
o Age 1 : 27%-44%
o Adult Female : 37%-47%
o Adult Male : 40%-55%

73
Q

MICROHEMATOCRIT METHOD

Significant Correlations: Increased

A

 Polycythemia
 Hemoconcentration due to shock
 Dehydration

74
Q

MICROHEMATOCRIT METHOD

Significant Correlations: Decreased

A

 Anemia
 Physiologic hydremias of pregnancy

75
Q

MACROHEMATOCRIT METHOD: Specimen

A

 Anticoagulated whole blood
o EDTA
o Ammonium Potassium Oxalate

76
Q

MACROHEMATOCRIT METHOD PROCEDURE

 Fill the (?) to 0 mark using a disposable pipette. The column should be bubble free
 Place tube in the rack and set timer for
 After 60 minutes, read using the (?) on the right. (10 – 0)

A

wintrobe tube
60 minutes
scale

77
Q

 1 hematocrit point =
 1 hematocrit point =

A

0.34 gram hb/100 ml of blood
107,000 red blood cells/cumm of blood

78
Q

 applicable only to normocytic, normochromic red cells
 Used as a random check

A

Rule of Three

79
Q

MACROHEMATOCRIT METHOD BASIC EQUATIONS

A

 3 x RBC = Hb
 3 x Hb = Hct (+/- 3%)

80
Q

decreases Hct values because of shrinkage of rbcs

A

 Excess anticoagulant

81
Q

may increase of decrease Hct depending on which part of the specimen (plasma or cells) is principally drawn into the microhct tube

A

 Insufficient mixing of blood prior to obtaining Hct sample

82
Q

decreases Hct because of leakage of specimen; erythrocyte loss is greater than plasma loss

A

 Improper sealing of capillary tube

83
Q

increases Hct. Results should be read within 10 mins after centrifugation.

A

 Inadequate centrifugation or allowing tubes to stand too long after the centrifugation

84
Q

increases the Hct.

A

 Including a large buffy coat in the reading

85
Q

increases or decreases the reading

A

 Improper use of the microhematocrit reader

86
Q

may damage the blood sample.

A

 Heat sealing of capillary tubes

87
Q

may cause the Hct to be falsely increased by as much as 0.02 L/L.

A

 Trapped plasma

88
Q

is the small amount of plasma that remains in the rbc portion of the spun. (sickle cell anemia, hypochromic anemia, spherocytosis, macrocytosis, and thalassemia)

A

Trapped plasma

89
Q

(spherocytes and sickle cells interfere with rbc packing)

A

 Certain abnormal rbc shapes

90
Q

Hct and Hb appear normal; therefore, unreliable for evaluation of anemia immediately following acute blood loss.

A

 During the first few hours of acute blood loss

91
Q

which decreases plasma volume  Specimen collection errors may alter the results

A

 Dehydration increased Hct because of fluid loss

92
Q

introduction of interstitial fluid to the sample causes falsely decreased Hct.

A

Hemoconcentration increases Hct

93
Q

blood: 1:251 dilution
NH4OH: 0.007 N

A

OXYHEMOGLOBIN METHOD

94
Q

The water used in the preparation of ammonia solution must
be glass distilled because minute amounts of copper in distilled water or other diluents employed will allow HbO2 to be converted to Hi and lower the values

A

OXYHEMOGLOBIN METHOD

95
Q

ensures mixing and oxygenation of hemoglobin

A

Shaking

Hematology 1 [LAB] (8 decks)

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