PRELIMS - LESSON 1 Flashcards
Plants are ______ are many celled and most
contain the green pigment ______ Plants can be _______ and ______
eukaryotes
chlorophyll
nonvascular and vascular.
are plant that have no vessels or no internal system for
conducting water and nutrients. The plants live either in _____ or _________
Non-vascular plants
water or within moist habitats.
are plants that have vessels or an internal system
for conducting water and nutrients. Unlike non- vascular
plants, vascular plants have roots, leaves, stems, and even flowers. They are called __________ Trees, bushes, and flowers are some examples of these plants.
Vascular plants
tracheophytes
transports water from the roots to the rest of the plant.
Xylem
transports sugars produced during photosynthesis from the leaves to other parts of the plant.
Phloem
Vascular plants are divided into different divisions. Some are
______________ and some are ____________. Vascular seed plants can be categorized into two ________ and ________
vascular seedles plants
vascular seed plants
gymnosperms and angiosperms
a. means naked seed;
b. produce seeds on the scales of female cones;
c. seeds are not protected by a fruit
d. with needle-like or scale-like leaves;
e. have no flowers and large plants;
f. adapted for reproduction on dry land
g. reproduce by means of sperm develop within pollen grains that are dispersed by the wind;
Gymnosperms
a. means seed in a container
b. seed is enclosed inside a fruit;
c. produce flowers and true seedbearing plants:
d. can be monocots and dicots.
Angiosperm
Seed: A single cotyledon (seed leaf)
Monocots
Seed: Two cotyledons (seed leaves)
Dicots
what are the two types of asexual reproduction in plants
- Vegetative Propagation
2 Tissue Culture
method wherein a bud outgrows
from the parent organism and detaches itself
later to become a new but the same organism as
the parent.
Budding
method wherein to develop
roots in the stem of a pan plant for several days
after putting soil in it.
Marcotting
it is made possible when a
scion (shoot of one plant) an inserted into
the demy of another plant (same species
or closely related).
Grafting
a method wherein the cut stem und leaf
are placed in loose, moist soil, the
cuttings readily grow adventitious roots
and develop new shoots.
Kalanchoe stem and leaf cuttings
tiny now plants which
develop in the nutches along the leaf margins.
When these tiny new plants drop from leaf and
fall to the ground, it begins to grow but removing
and potting is the fastest way to propagate new
maternity kalanchoe plant.
Plantlets (kalanchoe)
is a tool or technique for
growing species of living tissue in artificial media.
It was first demonstrated by the botanist F.C.
Steward in 1958. It is commonly used now in
propagating orchids.
Tissue Culture
Characteristic
–horizontal & above ground stem creeping stems
–new plants developed at the nodes touching the soil
Function
–spreading growth
–asexual reproduction
Example
–strawberry
Stolons/ Runners
Characteristic
–enlarged underground stem
Function
–food storage
Example
–potato, sweet potato
Tubers
Characteristic
–long and underground stem
–fleshy and parallel to the ground
Function
–food storage
Example
–ginger
Rhizomes
Characteristic
–thickened bases of leaves
Function
–food storage in leafy scale
Example
– onion, garlic
Bulbs
Characteristic
–vertical, thick, and short under-ground stem
Function
–food storage
Example
–gabi or taro stem
Corms
Characteristic
–fleshy, often leafless stem
Function
–water storage
Example
–cactus
Succulent
male part of the flower.
Stamen
small sac that produces pollen grains which are
immature. (male gametophyte)
Anther
like structure that supports the anther
and where pollen grains pass throughout the
anther.
Filament-tube
-female part of the flower.
Pistil
sticky and feathery surface on which pollen
grains land and grows
Stigma
slender tube which connects the stigma to the ovary
and where the pollen reach down the
ovary.
Style or Stalk
it holds the ovules and later
becomes the fruit.
Ovary
if fertilized will eventually
become the seed.
Ovules
makes up the outermost portion
of the flower and sometimes colored
and resembled petals.
Sepale
all of the sepals together to form
this part, serves as protective covering
for the flower bud, helping to protect it
from insect damage, and prevent it from
drying out.
Cales
brightly colored and often
have perfume or nectar at their
bases: it attract pollinators by
forming a tube or shape
Petals
made up of the petals and
provides a surface for insect
pollinators to rest on while feeding.
Corolla
The process by which pollen
grains are being transferred by
pollinators from the anther of
the stamen (male flower) to
the stigma of the pistil (female
flower) is known as _________.
It can happen in two ways: ________ and ______
pollination
self pollination and cross pollination
pollen grains from the
anther of the stamen transfers to the
stigma of the pistil of the same flower or
another flower of the same plant.
self-pollination
pollen grains from
the anther of the stamen transfers to the
stigma of the pistil of the flower from one
plant to another.
cross pollination
The sperm cell fertilized the egg to form
______. This zygote will undergo series of
mitosis to form an ______which is
contained in the seed. The endosperm,
which forms by double fertilization, serves
as food supply for the embryo. The seed
coat will then form as protective coating for
the embryo that hardens. The enlarged
ovary develops into fruit, contains one seed,
which has the embryo and eventually
develops into new plant.
zygote
embryo
is formed from a mature
ovary.
fruit
this type of fruit is the product of one pistil
example:
tomato, orange,
grapefruit, squash,
watermelon, cucumber,
cherry, Peach, apple,
pear
Simple Fruits
this type of fruit is the product of two or
more pistils.
Compound Fruits
this type of fruit can be either
simple or compound depending
upon the number of ovaries involved
in the fruit’s development.
Accessory Fruits
_________ is a cellular process by which an organism
produces others of the same kind.
It has something to do with ________.
Cell division in ________ produces
two new individuals to increase their
numbers
while in ___________,cell division is not just part of the growth of
the organism but it is also responsible for the
repair of damaged cells.
Reproduction
cell division
unicellular organisms
multicellular organisms
is a continuous cell
growth and division.
It is composed of
many repetitions of
cellular growth and
reproduction and
generally divided
into two major phases _____ and _____
Cell cycle
interphase
and mitosis.
The mitotic phase has four phases
prophase metaphase, anaphase, and
telophase.
is the process in which a new cell
nucleus divides into two new nucle Each
mcle has the same number of
chromosomes structures in the nucleus
that contain DNA -Deoxyribonucleic acid)
as the patent cell.
Mitosis
does not require the union of gametes
and produces an offspring of
same characteristic (have
identical DNA as the parent. An
example of this process is
mitosis. An offspring produced
asexually is called _____.
*Asexual reproduction
clone
– is the division of organism into two
equal parts (binary fission) or more individuals
(multiple fission) Bacterial cells and planaria
(flatworms) reproduce asexually due to this
process.
Fission
when an organism breaks into two parts or fragments,
both parts regenerate to form a whole, Sea stats
(starfish), and sponges are some examples.
Fragmentation & Regeneration
a new organism grows from
the body of the parent organism. Hydra,
jellyfish, and even corals reproduce this
way.
Budding
a type of asexual
reproduction which requires an egg to
develop into new organism without
undergoing fertilization. Rotifers (a
unique type of worm), parasitic insects,
and bees reproduce this way.
Parthenogenesis
When an organism reproduce by means of
gametes, it is known as
sexual reproduction
An organism is produced when sex cells from
two parents combine. The joining of the egg
and sperm is called as
fertilization
The cell that forms in fertilization is called
zygote
*Gametes are developed in sex organs
known as
gonads.
The male reproductive
organs is the_____ (responsible for the
production of sperm cells)
the female reproductive organ is the _______ (which is
responsible for the egg cells or ovum)
testes
ovary
Mammals are _____ (the male sex organ
of an individual is separate from the female
sex organ of another individual. Some
organisms (invertebrate animals) like
earthworms and are ________ (both
male and female sex organs are present in
the same individual) They are also
commonly known as ________.
There are some cases in humans that have
both male and female sex organs in a single
person.
dioecious
monoecious
hermaphrodites
-contains seminiferous tubules
where sperm cells are produced.
-also secretes testosterone.
. Testis or
Testicle
-sac (loose pouch-like) at skin which
contains the testis plural testes).
-maintains the normal temperature
(slightly cooler than the body
temperature) for normal sperm
development.
Scrotum
-deposits semen (misture of
sperm and fluid) into the vagina
during mating or sexual
intercourse
Penis
transports and store sperm
cells that are produced in the
testes,
Epididymis
transports mature sperm to
the urethra.
. Vas Deferens
carries semen out of the penis by
ejaculation during orgasm.
Urethra
-produce fluid that is rich in sugar
which nourish the sperm cells.
Seminal
Vesicles
secretes an alkaline fluid that will
counteract the acids produced by
the female reproductive tract
Prostate
Gland
secretes also an alkaline fluid that is
added to the mixture.
Bulbourethral
Gland
The female reproductive system has
several functions to perform:
- It produce the female egg cells which is
necessary for the reproduction. _____ is the
process of releasing the egg from the ovary. - It transport the egg cell (ovum) to the site of
fertilization. - It produces sex hormones that maintain the
reproductive cycle.
Oslation
-produce and develop egg cells
-each ovary releases one egg every month
(one ovary release one egg in the first
month, then another ovary releases an
egg for the next month).
Ovaries
-serve as passageway of the egg from the
ovary to the uterus.
-site of fertilization
Fallopian
Tubes
-place where fertilized egg
develops.
-home for developing fetus
Uterus
-it is where sperms are first
deposited
-also called the birth canal
Vagina
entrance from the vagina to
the uterus
Cervix
*If the egg is not tertilized in the fallopian
tube, it loses its capacity or disintegrates.
The thickened lining of the uterus is shed
and bleeding starts. The blood is discharged
through the vagina once a month (29 day
cycle) is called________ or ______. For most females. struation
happens between ages 8 to 13 and
continues until 45 to 55. Then, there is a
reduction in the ovulation. When the
menstruation eventually stops, then the
female is in the stage of ______
menstrual cycle or menstruation
menopause
______are components of genetic material which control
character traits.
Genes
Genes are located over chromosomes. In
sexually reproducing organisms like humans, an offspring
can receive one set of chromosomes from the male parent
and another set of chromosomes from female parent. An
offspring has ____ pairs of chromosomes for a total of _____.
The first 22 pairs are for _______ or ______and the
last pair is for the _______ or _______
23
46
somatic cells or body cells
sex cells or the sex chromosomes
An individual has thousands of character traits. The sum total
of all these traits is the organism’s _____
genome.
A chromosome has an organized structure of ________________ (a blueprint which contains the physical and chemical characteristics of an organism) and protein.
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
- consists of two
standards of nucleotides
composed at sugar,
phosphate, and
nitrogenous bases the
pair through hydrogen
bonds.
-consist of two strands
form a twisted zipper
shape called a ______
-adenine always bonds
with thymine and
cytosine bonds with
guitine
-located inside the
nucleus
DNA
double
helix
- single stranded which
look like a one half
zipper.
-sugar is ribose
-adenine bonds with
uracil and cytosine bonds
with guanine.
-located in the
cytoplasm.
RNA
mRNA (_________ RNA)
rRNA (________ RNA)
tRNA (_______ RNA).
messenger
ribosomal
transfer
The three types of RNA mentioned earlier
are essential for processing the mation DNA
to proteins. This is known as _______. It occurs in the age transcription
and translation. When the information in
DNA is transferred to senger Ribonucleic
acid (mRNA), this is called__________.
Then the information wmRNA is used to
make protein. This is called ________.
gene expression
transcription
translation
