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BIOCHEM LEC > PRELIMS LEC 2: STAGE 3 & 4 > Flashcards

PRELIMS LEC 2: STAGE 3 & 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Citric acid cycle was first elucidated by __________

A

HANS KREBS

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2
Q

It is called the CITRIC ACID CYCLE because it refers to the first molecule/intermediate that forms during the cycle reaction which is the?

A

CITRATE

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3
Q

Protonated form of citrate?

A

CITRIC ACID

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4
Q

Citric acid cycle occurs in

A

MITOCHONDRIA

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5
Q

CITRIC ACID CYCLE/ KREBS CYCLE

is also known as _________ because of the 3 carboxyl groups of the first 2 intermediate which are the _________

A

TRICARBOXYLIC ACID; CITRATE AND ISOCITRATE

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6
Q

KREB CYCLE falls under

A ANAEROBIC CELL RESPIRATION
B AEROBIC CELL RESPIRATION

A

ANAEROBIC CELL RESPIRATION

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7
Q

KREBS CYCLE occurs in the mitochondria which uses __ molecules of _______ to produce energy

A 4, PYRUVIC ACID
B 6, PYRUVIC ACID
C 2, PYRUVIC ACID
D 3, PYRUVIC ACID

A

C 2, PYRUVIC ACID

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8
Q

KREB CYCLE products per 2 molecules of pyruvic acid

A

2 ATP molecules
2 FADH2 molecules
4 CO2
6 NADH molecules

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9
Q

reduced form of NADH and FADH2 are used in the ______ which is the stage 4 after citric acid cycle

A

ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM (ETS)

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10
Q

what do you call the process wherein carbohydrates are converted into pyruvate?

A

GLYCOLYSIS

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11
Q

what do you call the process where proteins are converted into amino acids?

A

PROTEOLYSIS

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12
Q

what do you call the process where lipids are converted into fatty acids?

A

LIPOLYSIS

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13
Q

STEPS IN KREB CYCLE/TRICARBOXYLIC ACID

A
  1. CONDENSATION AND HYDROLYSIS OF CITRATE
  2. ISOMERIZATION OF ISOCITRATE
  3. OXIDATION AND DECARBOXYLATION OF a-KETOGLUTARATE
  4. OXIDATION AND DECARBOXYLATION OF SUCCINYL CoA
  5. CLEAVAGE AND PHOSPHORYLATION OF SUCCINATE
  6. OXIDATION OF FUMARATE
  7. HYDRATION OF MALATE/L MALATE
  8. OXIDATION OF OXALOACETATE

(Can Intelligent Kreb Save Science From Mad Oblivion)

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14
Q

1ST STEP: CONDENSATION OF OXALOACETATE WILL RELEASE THE FORMING GROUP OF CoA WHICH ENABLE THE FORMATION OF _______

(C4 + C2 = C6)

A ISOCITRATE
B CITRATE
C SUCCINYL CoA
D MALATE

A

B CITRATE

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15
Q

1ST STEP: THE CONDENSATION AND HYDROLYSIS OF CITRATE IS FACILITATED BY THE ENZYME ________

A a-KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE
B CITRATE SYNTHASE
C ISOCITRATE DEHYDROGENASE
D ACONITASE

A

B CITRATE SYNTHASE

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16
Q

IN THE 2ND STEP, CITRATE IS CONVERTED INTO ITS ISOMER (ISOCITRATE-2nd alcohol group) because CITRATE IS A TERTIARY ALCOHOL and is not readily oxidized, ISOCITRATE will make the intermediate readily oxidized.

THIS PROCESS IS FACILITATED BY THE ENZYME _______

A ISOCITRATE DEHYDROGENASE
B a-KETOGLUTARATE
C ACONITASE
D CoA SYNTHETASE

A

C ACONITASE

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17
Q

3RD STEP:

  • ISOCITRATE IS OXIDIZED AND RELEASES MOLECULE OF CO2 (1st molecule Co2 produced in TCA)
  • C6 to C5 forming

A a-KETOGLUTARATE
B FUMARATE
C SUCCINYL CoA
D SUCCINATE

A

A a-KETOGLUTARATE

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18
Q

3RD STEP:
- a NAD+ IS REDUCED TO FORM NADH AND THE ENZYME THAT CATALYZES THIS STEP IS

A ISOCITRATE DEHYDROGENASE
Ba-KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE
C FUMARASE
D CoA SYNTHETASE

A

A ISOCITRATE DEHYDROGENASE

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19
Q

4TH STEP:

  • a-KETOGLUTARATE IS OXIDIZED
  • THEREBY REDUCING NAD+ TO NADH
  • RELEASE CO2 (2nd CO2 molecule produced)
  • LEFT WITH C4 (will pick up CoA group to form______)

A SUCCINATE
B MALATE
C SUCCINYL CoA
D FUMARATE

A

C SUCCINYL CoA

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20
Q

4TH STEP IS FACILITATED BY THE ENZYME

A ACONITASE
B MALATE DEHYDROGENASE
C FUMARASE
D a-KETOGLUTARATE

A

D a-KETOGLUTARATE

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21
Q

2 IMPORTANT ENZYME THAT REGULATE THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE

A

a-KETOGLUTARATE & ISOCITRATE DEHYDROGENASE

22
Q

5TH STEP:

  • CoA CONTAINED BY SUCCINYL CoA WILL REPLACED BY __________ (because Succinyl CoA is unstable - need to be stabilized)
A

PHOSPHATE GROUP

23
Q

5TH STEP:

______ WILL SERVE AS THE DONOR OF PHOSPHATE

  • it is use in some cells instead of ADP in order to form GTP as product
A

GDP (GUANOSINE DIPHOSPHATE/TRIPHOSPHATE)

24
Q

5TH STEP:

AFTER REPLACING CoA WITH PHOSPHATE GROUP WILL FORMED __________ (which is a 4 carbon molecule)

A MALATE
B OXALOACETATE
C SUCCINATE
D FUMARATE

A

C SUCCINATE

25
Q

5TH STEP IS CATALYZED BY THE ENZYME

A FUMARASE
B MALATE DEHYDROGENASE
C SUCCINATE DEHYDROGENASE
D SUCCINYL - CoA SYNTHETASE

A

D SUCCINYL - CoA SYNTHETASE

26
Q

6TH STEP:

  • SUCCINATE IS OXIDIZED IN 4 CARBON MOLECULE ______
  • 2 HYDROGEN IONS WITH THEIR ELECTRONS ARE TRANSFERRED TO FAD PRODUCING FADH2

A FUMARATE
B MALATE
C OXALOACETATE
D CITRATE

A

A FUMARATE

27
Q

6TH STEP:

ENZYME THAT CARRIED THE STEP FAD PRODUCING FADH2 IS EMBEDDED IN THE ……

A INNER MEMBRANE OF THE MITOCHONDRIA
B OUTER MEMBRANE OF THE MITOCHONDRIA
C SMOOTH ER
D ROUGH ER

A

A INNER MEMBRANE OF THE MITOCHONDRIA

28
Q

FADH2 CAN TRANSPORT ITS ELECTRON DIRECTLY INTO THE

A

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC)

29
Q

ENZYME THAT CATALYZES THE REACTION IN 6TH STEP IS THE

A SUCCINATE DEHYDROGENASE
B MALATE DEHYDROGENASE
C SUCCINYL - CoA DEHYDROGENASE
D FUMARASE

A

A SUCCINATE DEHYDROGENASE

30
Q

7TH STEP:

  • FUMARATE IS ADDED WITH WATER FORMING _____
    (C4 is added with another 4 carbon molecule ___ when added with water)

A CITRATE
B OXALOACETATE
C SUCCINATE
D MALATE

A

D MALATE

31
Q

8TH STEP

  • MALATE IS CONDENSED AGAIN INTO OXALOACETATE
  • IS FACILITATED BY THE ENZYME

A MALATE DEHYDROGENASE
B CITRATE SYNTHASE
C FUMARASE
D ISOCITRATE DEHYDROGENASE

A

A MALATE DEHYDROGENASE

32
Q

7TH STEP IS FACILITATED BY THE ENZYME

A CITRATE SYNTHASE
B MALATE DEHYDROGENASE
C FUMARASE
D ISOCITRATE DEHYDROGENASE

A

C FUMARASE

33
Q

THE PROCESS OF KREB CYCLE IS CONTINUOUS AS LONG AS THERE IS THE PRESENCE OF….

A

COENZYME A (CoA)

34
Q

IN 1 CYCLE OF KREB CYCLE PRODUCES…

A

2 CARBON DIOXIDE MOLECULES
3 NADH MOLECULES
1 FADH2 MOLECULE
1 MOLECULE OF ATP/GDP

35
Q

KREB CYCLE DOES NOT DIRECTLY PRODUCES ATP/GDP HOWEVER IT CAN MAKE A LOT OF ATP INDIRECTLY BECAUSE ___ AND ____ WILL ENTER THE ELECTRON CARRIERS THAT IS CONNECTED TO THE LAST STAGE OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION

A

3 NADH, 1 FADH2

36
Q

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION TAKES PLACE IN

A

MITOCHONDRIA

37
Q

1
NADH AND FADH2 IS OXIDIZED TO RELEASE …

A

HYDROGEN IONS

38
Q

2

FOLLOWING THE RELEASE OF H+ IONS INTO THE INTERMEMBRANE SPACE OF MITOCHONDRIA WILL FACILITATE THE ENERGY PRODUCTION OF ________

A

ATP

39
Q

2 ELECTRONS THAT EXITS THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN WILL BIND TO THE 2 FREE H IONS AND ____ OF OXYGEN MOLECULE THEREFORE PRODUCING WATER (2x happens so there are 2 H2O molecules

EQUATION:

2 H+ ions + 2 electrons + __O = H2O(x2 will bind w/ energy)

A

1/2

40
Q

_______ is the ultimate receiver in ETC
- it is estimated that 95% of _____ used by cells serve as the final electron acceptor for the ETC.

A

OXYGEN

41
Q

WHEN H IONS ARE GONE TO ATP SYNTHASE, ADP (Adenosine diphosphate) WILL BE CONVERTED INTO ___

A

ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE)

42
Q

________ FACILITATES THE PROCESS OF ELECTRONS WHICH IS TRAPPED IN NADH AND FADH2 MOLECULE DURING TCA CYCLE

  • IT IS A SERIES OF BIOCHEMICAL REACTION IN WHICH INTERMEDIATE CARRIERS AID THE TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS AND H IONS FROM NADH & FADH2
  • IS NAMED BECAUSE OF THE FACT THAT ELECTRONS ARE TRANSFERRED TO OXYGEN VIA RESPIRATION
A

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

43
Q

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN IS AN _______________

A ANAEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION
B AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION

A

B AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION

44
Q

It is estimated that _______ of the oxygen used by cells serves as the final electron acceptor for the electron transport chain.

A

95%

45
Q

This is the process where your ADP molecule + inorganic phosphorus

A

OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

46
Q

these are pairs of biochemical reactions that occur concurrently in which energy released by one reaction is used in the other reaction.

A

COUPLED REACTIONS

47
Q

For every 2 electrons that pass through the electron transport chain:

A

✓ 4 protons cross the inner mitochondrial membrane through complex 1.
✓ 4 through complex 3
✓ 2 through the complex 4

48
Q

they serve as proton pumps

A

Complexes 1,3 and 4

49
Q

how many moles of ATP are formed for each mole of NADH oxidized in the electron transport chain?

A

2.5

50
Q

how many moles of ATP are formed for each mole of FADH2 oxidized in the electron transport chain?

A

1.5

51
Q

how many moles of ATP are formed for each mole of GTP oxidized in the electron transport chain?

A

1

52
Q

how many ATP is produced for each Acetyl Coenzyme A that is metabolized by your citric acid cycle.

A

10

3 NADH x 2.5
1 FADH2 x 1.5
1 GTP x 1

= 10

BIOCHEM LEC (10 decks)

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