MIDTERM: LIPIDS Flashcards
- also known as FATS
- found in living organism
- family of substances that are insoluble in water but soluble in non polar solvents and solvents with low polarity (diethyl ether)
- are all hydrophobic
- play a major role in the control of blood homeostasis (steroid hormones)
LIPIDS
- serve as major energy source of our body
- provides long term storage of energy
- insoluble in water
- include fats, waxes, oils, hormones, and certain components of membranes
LIPIDS
Lipids are soluble in organic solvents like
- ALCOHOL
- CHLOROFORM
- ACETONE
- BENZENE
Solid triglycerols (FATS) have high proportions of __________ fatty acids.
Saturated or unsaturated
SATURATED
Liquid triglycerols (OILS) have high proportions of __________ fatty acids.
Saturated or unsaturated
UNSATURATED
CLASSIFICATION BY FUNCTION
- burning fats produces more than twice as much as energy as the burning of an equal weight of carbohydrates
A. STORAGE
B. MEMBRANE COMPONENTS
C. MESSENGER
STORAGE
STORAGE:
- short term energy
GLYCOGEN OR LIPIDS?
GLYCOGEN
STORAGE:
- long term provider of energy
GLYCOGEN OR LIPIDS?
LIPIDS
CLASSIFICATION BY FUNCTION
- the body needs insoluble compounds for the membranes that separate compartments containing aqueous solutions (cells or organelles within the cell)
- the non-polar portion is the water repellant or the hydrophobic property of the lipids allows it to function as barriers in cells and the organelles within the cell
A. STORAGE
B. MEMBRANE COMPONENTS
C. MESSENGER
MEMBRANE COMPONENTS
CLASSIFICATION BY FUNCTION
- deliver signals
Primary or Secondary Messengers
PRIMARY MESSENGER
CLASSIFICATION BY FUNCTION
- mediate hormonal response
Primary or Secondary Messengers
SECONDARY MESSENGER
LIPIDS BASED ON BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION
- long term source of energy
- stored in adipose tissue in the form of TRIACYLGLYCEROL OR TRIGLYCERIDES
A. ENERGY - STORAGE LIPIDS
B. MEMBRANE LIPIDS
C. EMULSIFICATION LIPIDS
D. MESSENGER LIPIDS
E. PROTECTIVE - COATING LIPIDS
ENERGY - STORAGE LIPIDS
LIPIDS BASED ON BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION
- components of our cell membranes
- phospholipids, sphingoglycolipids and cholesterol makes up the hydrophobic barrier
A. ENERGY - STORAGE LIPIDS
B. MEMBRANE LIPIDS
C. EMULSIFICATION LIPIDS
D. MESSENGER LIPIDS
E. PROTECTIVE - COATING LIPIDS
MEMBRANE LIPIDS
LIPIDS BASED ON BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION
- emulsion of bile acids/bile salts; in order to solubilize the fats
- helps in mixing 2 liquids that are not mixable together (lipids to water)
EX: bile acid
A. ENERGY - STORAGE LIPIDS
B. MEMBRANE LIPIDS
C. EMULSIFICATION LIPIDS
D. MESSENGER LIPIDS
E. PROTECTIVE - COATING LIPIDS
EMULSIFICATION
LIPIDS BASED ON BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION
- steroid and sex hormones
A. ENERGY - STORAGE LIPIDS
B. MEMBRANE LIPIDS
C. EMULSIFICATION LIPIDS
D. MESSENGER LIPIDS
E. PROTECTIVE - COATING LIPIDS
MESSENGER LIPIDS
LIPIDS BASED ON BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION
- biological waxes
- sebum; oily substance produced by sebaceous glands, mixes with fats to protect the skin
- primary skin barrier
A. ENERGY - STORAGE LIPIDS
B. MEMBRANE LIPIDS
C. EMULSIFICATION LIPIDS
D. MESSENGER LIPIDS
E. PROTECTIVE - COATING LIPIDS
PROTECTIVE - COATING LIPIDS
- refers to the soap forming reaction of metallic alkali (base) with fat or grease
- a process that involves the conversion of fat, oil, or lipid, into soap and alcohol by the action of aqueous alkali.
- literally means “turning into soap” from the root word, sapo, which is Latin for soap.
SAPONIFICATION
BASED ON SAPONIFICATION
- cannot be broken down into smaller units since they do not react with water
- have no ester bonds
̶ ex: cholesterol, steroid hormones, bile acids
A. SAPONIFIABLE LIPIDS
B. NON - SAPONIFIABLE LIPIDS
NON - SAPONIFIABLE LIPIDS
BASED ON SAPONIFICATION
̶ can be converted into small molecules when hydrolysis occurs
- have ester bonds
̶ hydrolysis of lipids with the help of basic solution
̶ base promote the hydrolysis of fatty and oils that turned into soap
ex: triglycerides, biological wax
- have ester bonds
A. SAPONIFIABLE LIPIDS
B. NON - SAPONIFIABLE LIPIDS
SAPONIFIABLE LIPIDS
OIL VS. FATS
- unsaturated fatty acids
- fats from plants and fish
- liquid fats at room temp.
OILS
OIL VS. FATS
- saturated fats
- fats from animals
- solids at room temp.
FATS
- DO NOT contain any double bonds
- double bond is in the carboxylic group
- easily placed together/ forms in the body
UNSATURATED OR SATURATED FATS?
SATURATED FATS
- CONTAINS 1 or more double bonds
- double bonds - prevents fatty acids from packing tightly, will keep them at room temp. state
UNSATURATED OR SATURATED FATS?
UNSATURATED FATS
̶ aka TRIAGLYCEROLS
- TRI – 3 fatty acid chain
̶ GLYCERIDE – alcohol component of lipid
̶ has a 3 hydroxyl group of hydroxyl that is esterified by organic
acid by fatty acid chain
̶ complex mixture, some molecules may contain 3 identical fatty
acid chains
̶ glycerol is its constant alcohol group
̶ hydrophobic; has a non-polar
̶ ex: animal fats and plant oils
TRIGLYCERIDES
- combining an organic acid with an alcohol
ex: glycerol combines with fatty acids
ESTERIFICATION
~ building block of lipids
~ had branch of carboxylic acid group
~ long hydrocarbon can range to 10-20
~ carbon - to - carbon double bond
FATTY ACIDS
IMPORTANT CLASSES OF LIPIDS
- polar
- PHOSPHOLIPIDS: Glycerophospholipids, Spingholipids
- GLYCOLIPIDS: Sphingolipids
A. MEMBRANE LIPIDS
B. STORAGE LIPIDS
MEMBRANE LIPIDS
TYPES OF FATTY ACIDS
- contains NO double bond
- butyric acid (4C)
A. SATURATED
B. MONOUNSATURATED
C. POLYUNSATURATED
SATURATED
TYPES OF FATTY ACIDS
- (monoethenoid, monoenoic) acids, containing ONE double bond.
- oleic acid
A. SATURATED
B. MONOUNSATURATED
C. POLYUNSATURATED
MONOUNSATURATED
TYPES OF FATTY ACIDS
- derived from eicosa (20-carbon) polyenoic fatty acids
- comprise the prostanoids, leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs). Prostanoids include prostaglandins (PGs), prostacyclins (PGIs), and thromboxanes (TXs).
EICOSANOIDS (unsaturated)
- not recognized safe
- large amounts leads to high level of serum cholesterol (higher ratio of bad cholesterol; at risk of heart disease
ex: margarine, vegetables oil
TRANS FAT
backbone of Glycerophospholipids
GLYCEROL
TYPES OF FATTY ACIDS
- 2 or MORE double bond
- called essential fatty acids
- linoleic acid
A. SATURATED
B. MONOUNSATURATED
C. POLYUNSATURATED
POLYUNSATURATED
IMPORTANT CLASSES OF LIPIDS
- neutral
- triacylglycerols
- backbone is glycerol
A. MEMBRANE LIPIDS
B. STORAGE LIPIDS
STORAGE LIPIDS
backbone of Sphingolipids
SPHINGOSINE
- storage form of lipids (fats in adipose tissue)
- hydrophobic in nature because they have long hydrocarbon chains
- lipids consisting 3 fatty acids (esterification) chains and one glycerol molecule
- AKA Triglycerols
TRIGLYCERIDES
COMPLEX LIPIDS
- contains an alcohol, 2 fatty acids and phosphate group
- 2 types: GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS & SPHINGOLIPIDS
A. GLYCOLIPIDS
B. PHOSPHOLIPIDS
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
2 TYPES OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS
- alcohol is Sphingosine
SPHINGOLIPIDS
2 TYPES OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS
- alcohol is Glycerol
GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS
COMPLEX LIPIDS
- contain carbohydrates
- there are mono/oligosaccharide sugar content
A. GLYCOLIPIDS
B. PHOSPHOLIPIDS
GLYCOLIPIDS
- serve as barrier
- facilitate the movement in and out of the membrane
- allow the passage of non - polar molecule by diffusion
- unsaturated fatty acid are present
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
refers to the topography of the bilayers: protein molecules dispersed in the lipid
MOSAIC
used because the free lateral motion in the bilayers makes membranes liquid-like
FLUID
- selective membrane that select needed molecule that will enter/exit
- composed of hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head
PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER
- removal of double bond
- fatty acids can be converted into saturated fatty acid through this process
̶ product is trans fatty acid - we reduce the carbon-carbon double bonds to single bonds (hydrogen catalyst facilitate the conversion)
HYDROGENATION
COMPONENTS OF CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURE
- Another membrane component
- largely HYDROPHOBIC but does contain a polar portion
A. UNSATURATED FATS
B. LIPIDS
C. CHOLESTEROL
D. PROTEIN
CHOLESTEROL
COMPONENTS OF CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURE
- prevent the tight packing of the hydrophobic chains in the lipid bilayer
- provide liquid - like character to the membrane
- membrane fluidity
A. UNSATURATED FATS
B. LIPIDS
C. CHOLESTEROL
D. PROTEIN
UNSATURATED FATS
COMPONENTS OF CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURE
- serve as a barrier in the movement of ions or polar compounds into and out of the cells
A. UNSATURATED FATS
B. LIPIDS
C. CHOLESTEROL
D. PROTEIN
LIPID
COMPONENTS OF CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURE
- either suspended on the surface (peripheral proteins) or partly or fully embedded in the bilayer (integral proteins)
A. UNSATURATED FATS
B. LIPIDS
C. CHOLESTEROL
D. PROTEIN
PROTEIN
– help the movement of the substances
to the cell
TRANSPORT PROTEIN
molecules that bind to certain receptor
RECEPTOR PROTEIN
TRANSPORT ACROSS CELL MEMBRANES
- substance move across membrane by diffusion
- from high to low concentration
- no expenditure of energy
- Oxygen,Nitrogen, Water, Urea ( CO(NH 2) )
PASSIVE DIFFUSION
TRANSPORT ACROSS CELL MEMBRANES
- type of passive
- there is help of embedded protein
- substance transports with the aid of embedded protein
- hight to low concentration region
- carriers can be protein/form complexes
- Glucose, Chloride ions & Bicarbonate ions
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
TRANSPORT ACROSS CELL MEMBRANES
- with the aid of membrane
- usage of energy (ATP)
- pumps as water pumps
- regulate energy for transport
- either high-low or low-high
- Sodium, Potassium, Hydrocarbon ions
ACTIVE DIFFUSION
- aka PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES
- it could have the presence of one/double bond
GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS
- alcohol is sphingosine
- can be found in myelin sheath- part of nerve cells
- associated with multiple sclerosis; ger myelin
SPHINGOLIPIDS
who discovered Sphingolipids
JOHANN THUDICHUM 1874
Sphingolipids is derived from ___________ which is a half human and half winged lion that devours one who cannot answer to its riddles
SPHINX
- 3RD major class of lipids
- compounds contained ringed structures
- 4 ring molecules
STEROIDS
- type of steroids
- most abundant & most important steroids
- plasma membrane component
- raw material for sex hormones
- 150 mg/mL exceeds, cholesterol synthesis into half to balance cholesterol levels
- produce & regulated in level
- OBESITY > HEART DISEASES
CHOLESTEROL
- carries the cholesterol from the circulation to organism
- spherically shaped & clusters of lipids & proteins
LIPOPROTEINS
- large triglyceride-rich lipoproteins produced in enterocytes from dietary lipids
- they carry esterified cholesterol and phospholipids.
- dietary lipids synthesize in our small
intestine
CHYLOMICRONS
- GOOD cholesterol
- 33 % proteins, 30 % cholesterol, 37 % cholesterol ethers
HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (HDL)
- BAD cholesterol
- 25 % proteins, 50 % cholesterol, 25 % cholesterol ethers
LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (LDL)
- to CARRY TRIGLYCERIDES synthesized from LIVER
- VLDL transforms LDL
- deliver into cells, when there is enough excess
- HDL converts into bile salts
- bile salts emulsification
VERY LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN
- main reason why there is stroke
- 1st stage: fatty leak
2nd stage: fibrofatty plaque
3rd stage: the time stroke happens. Root or beginning of every other complication that is associated with excessive intake of cholesterol and excessive accumulation and plaque formation due to high serum cholesterol - to lack of oxygen is called MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
- Plaques form in the lining of artery When plaque grows , the lining of the artery is damaged. Plaque ruptures and blood clot forms, limiting blood flow.
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
- adjacent to the renal gland
ADRENAL GLAND
2 hormones produced by adrenocorticoids :
MINERALOCORTICOID and GLUCOCORTICOIDS
2 hormones produced by adrenocorticoids :
- regulates the concentration of ions
MINERALOCORTICOID
most important mineralocorticoid?
ALDOSTERONE
- enhances or facilitates the reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions in renal kidney tubule/kidney tubules
ALDOSTERONE
2 hormones produced by adrenocorticoids :
- control the carbohydrates metabolism
GLUCOCORTICOIDS
most important glucocorticoids?
CORTISOL
Major glucocorticoids that increase the glucose and glycogen concentrations in the body
CORTISOL
example of steroid hormones
TESTOSTERONE and ESTROGEN
- most important male sex hormone that promotes the normal growth of the male genital organ
TESTOSTERONE
- most important female sex hormone
- together with progesterone, they are the one who regulates the menstrual cycle of females
ESTROGEN
- composed of bile acids
- accumulation/attachment of bile acid to a lipid molecule forms the ____________
- are the oxidation product of cholesterol
- they are like powerful detergents
- facilitates the dispersion of dietary lipids and elimination of excess cholesterol in the body
- they are the one who performs emulsification process
BILE SALTS
BILE ACID is composed of __________ & ___________ side.
- these end facilitate also the process they perform
HYDROPHOBIC, HYDROPHILIC
BILE SALT remove excess cholesterol in 2 ways
- they themselves are the breakdown product of cholesterol which will be eliminated from our body
- They solubilize deposited cholesterol in the form of bile salt - cholesterol particles which will be then eliminated from the circulation.
