FINALS LEC 1: PLASMA PROTEIN Flashcards
ALSO TERMED BLOOD PROTEINS
● proteins present in blood plasma serve many different functions:
○ transport of lipids, hormones,
vitamins, and minerals inactivity
○ functioning of the immune system
● the most frequently analyzed of all
the proteins
PLASMA PROTEINS
PLASMA PROTEIN is divided into two groups:
ALBUMIN and GLOBULINS
● Serum Protein Electrophoresis
(SPEP) is an easy, inexpensive method of separating proteins based on their net charge, size, and shape
● measures specific proteins in the blood
PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS
is an easy, inexpensive method of separating proteins based on their net charge, size, and shape
SERUM PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS (SPEP)
● Are different plasma proteins that
are increased in the serum within days following trauma or exposure to inflammatory agents
● Used as BIOMARKERS OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
● Basically, if there is trauma, infection, fever, APR will RISE
ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS
ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS
- during inflammation, CRP will increase in its concentration
C Reactive Protein (CRP)
● Are those whose concentrations decrease in an acute phase response
● Most common example is ALBUMIN
NEGATIVE ACUTE REACTANTS
➢ TRANSPORT PROTEIN-BOUND TO THYROXINE (T4) AND RETINOL
PREALBUMIN
● Function: transport Vitamin A
● Confirm if the specimen is Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
○ Because out of all the proteins, prealbumin can cross easily to blood barrier
○ It has a molecular weight of 62,000 daltons
○ If you are confused about the body fluid, you will test for prealbumin if you suspect that it is CSF.
○ If POSITIVE or ELEVATED levels, it is CSF.
PREALBUMIN
PREALBUMIN is also called as ________
because it is rich in tryptophan.
TRANSTHYRETIN
PREALBUMIN
Marker for nutritional status
○ If there is MALNUTRITION, prealbumin levels _________
○ If ADEQUATE NUTRITION, _____
levels
DECREASE; NORMAL
➢ THE MOST ABUNDANT PROTEIN
GENERALLY USED FOR
TRANSPORT
➢ MAINTAINS FLUID BALANCE IN
TISSUES
- Major component of the serum
- It is single MOST ABUNDANT PROTEIN IN THE BLOOD, specifically in plasma
● It is responsible for maintenance of oncotic pressure in our circulation
● Edematous patients (with chronic kidney disease)- albumin levels are decreased wala nang naga maintain ng oncotic pressure
- The water pressure (OSMOTIC
PRESSURE) will RISE
- If the kidney is DAMAGED specifically the filtering unit, GLOMERULI/GLOMERULUS, albumin can freely exit through urine resulting to loss of oncotic pressure
ALBUMIN
ALBUMIN
Negative acute phase reactant:
__________: malnutrition, malabsorption, liver disease, renal disease, skin loss, dilution (over hydrated)
INCREASED OR DECREASED LEVELS?
DECREASED LEVELS
ALBUMIN
Negative acute phase reactant:
__________: from mid-gestation until death and account for about one half of plasma protein mass
INCREASED LEVELS
ALBUMIN represents the largest peak that lies closest to the ______________________
POSITIVE ELECTRODE
- SMALLER FRACTION of the total serum protein
- It represents the PRIMARY FOCUS OF INJECT INTERPRETATION for serum protein electrophoresis
GLOBULINS
5 fragments in globulin:
ALPHA 1
ALPHA 2
BETA 1
BETA 2
GAMMA
GLOBULINS
➢ PROTECTS FETUS FROM
IMMUNOLOGIC ATTACK BY THE
MOTHER: LEVELS DECREASE GRADUALLY AFTER BIRTH
A-1 FETOPROTEIN
A-1 FETOPROTEIN
_____________: Spina Bifida, Neural Tube Defects, Anencephaly these are newborn defects
A. INCREASED LEVELS
B. DECREASED LEVELS
C. TUMOR MARKER
INCREASED LEVELS
A-1 FETOPROTEIN
_____________: Down Syndrome, Trisomy 18
A. INCREASED LEVELS
B. DECREASED LEVELS
C. TUMOR MARKER
DECREASED LEVELS
A-1 FETOPROTEIN
______________: hepatocellular CA (carcinoma)
● Found between albumin and alpha 1 region
A. INCREASED LEVELS
B. DECREASED LEVELS
C. TUMOR MARKER
TUMOR MARKER
ALPHA-2 GLOBULINS
➢ (TRANSPORT PROTEIN FOR 90% OF COPPER OTHER 10% IS BOUND TO ALBUMIN)
● Acute phase reactant
● 1 molecule can hold 6-8 ATOMS OF COPPER
CERULOPLASMIN
CERULOPLASMIN
_____________: Menke’s Kinky Hair Syndrome (genetic disorder)
INCREASED or DECREASED LEVELS?
INCREASED LEVELS
CERULOPLASMIN
_____________: Wilson’s disease (genetic disorder), malnutrition, malabsorption
INCREASED or DECREASED LEVELS?
DECREASED LEVELS
ALPHA-2 GLOBULINS
➢ BINDS WITH HGB (HEMOGLOBIN) RELEASED BY LYSIS OF RBC
➢ REMOVED FROM THE CIRCULATION BY “RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM”
● It DOES NOT BIND with myoglobin
● Evaluate the degree of intravascular hemolysis (HTR- Hemolytic Transmission Reaction and HDN Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn)
● If DECREASED ___________ in blood, there is RAPID HEMOLYSIS hemolysis in our system. This means _____________ is BOUND to hemoglobin.
HAPTOGLOBIN
BETA GLOBULINS
➢ COMPONENT OF THE MAJOR
HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN
(HLA)
● Found on the SURFACE of most nucleated cells
● Present in high concentrations of lymphocytes
● Needed in the production of CD8
cells - a complement system, fights
against infections
● Increased levels: renal failure, multiple myeloma, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE and HIV CD8 cells are actively involved
B2-MICROGLOBULIN
BETA GLOBULINS
➢ MAJOR COMPONENT OF BETA 2
REGION
➢ TRANSPORT PROTEIN OF IRON
● Negative acute phase reactant
When there is inflammation or
infection, transferrin levels decrease
● INCREASED LEVELS : IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
TRANSFERRIN (SIDEROPHILIN)
BETA GLOBULINS
➢ PARTICIPANTS IN IMMUNE REACTION
➢ LINKED TO INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
● MARKER for assessing disease activity in RHEUMATOID DISORDERS
● Link to inflammatory response; participates in immune reaction
● Autoimmune system are active
COMPLEMENT
BETA GLOBULINS
➢ (BETWEEN THE BETA AND GAMMA REGION)
➢ ONE OF THE LARGEST PLASMA PROTEIN
➢ THE MOST ABUNDANT COAGULATION FACTOR THAT FORMS THE FIBRIN CLOT
● If there is a wound, __________ is
responsible to stop the bleeding
● Acute phase reactant
● INCREASED IN: pregnancy
FIBRINOGEN
Closest fraction to the NEGATIVE
ELECTRODE
GAMMA GLOBULINS
GAMMA GLOBULINS
➢ NAMED BECAUSE IT BINDS WITH
THE “C-POLYSACCHARIDE OF
THE PNEUMOCOCCUS”
● Pneumococcus is a bacteria and C
Polysaccharide is found on the cell
wall of this bacteria
● HIGHLY SENSITIVE ACUTE PHASE
REACTANT
● The 1ST INFLAMMATORY MARKER TO APPEAR
C-REACTIVE PROTEIN
GAMMA GLOBULINS
C-REACTIVE PROTEIN
__________: inflammatory
disease
INCREASED or DECREASED LEVELS
INCREASED LEVELS
GAMMA GLOBULINS
__________: c-reactive protein level highly
increases
VIRAL or BACTERIAL INFECTION?
BACTERIAL INFECTION
GAMMA GLOBULINS
__________: do not usually cause a
raised CRP
VIRAL or BACTERIAL INFECTION?
VIRAL INFECTION
GAMMA GLOBULINS
➢ SYNTHESIZED BY PLASMA CELLS FOR IMMUNE RESPONSE
● Also known as antibodies
● IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD
● Increased levels: multiple myeloma, infections, allergic reactions, hepatic disease
IMMUNOGLOBULINS
GAMMA GLOBULINS
- PRIMARY OXYGEN-CARRYING
PROTEIN IN STRIATED SKELETAL
AND CARDIAC MUSCLE
MYOGLOBIN
GAMMA GLOBULIN
(first to increase in Acute Myocardial Infarction) - it will firstly increase in blood chemistry panel
CARDIAC MARKER
GAMMA GLOBULIN
MYOGLOBIN
___________: AMI, muscular disease
INCREASED OR DECREASED LEVELS
INCREASED LEVELS
GAMMA GLOBULIN
___________: when there is increased conc. of myoglobin in our blood, it could lead to liver toxicity
NEPHROTOXIC
