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BIOCHEM LEC > FINALS LEC 1: PLASMA PROTEIN > Flashcards

FINALS LEC 1: PLASMA PROTEIN Flashcards

1
Q

ALSO TERMED BLOOD PROTEINS
● proteins present in blood plasma serve many different functions:
○ transport of lipids, hormones,
vitamins, and minerals inactivity
○ functioning of the immune system
● the most frequently analyzed of all
the proteins

A

PLASMA PROTEINS

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2
Q

PLASMA PROTEIN is divided into two groups:

A

ALBUMIN and GLOBULINS

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3
Q

● Serum Protein Electrophoresis
(SPEP) is an easy, inexpensive method of separating proteins based on their net charge, size, and shape
● measures specific proteins in the blood

A

PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS

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4
Q

is an easy, inexpensive method of separating proteins based on their net charge, size, and shape

A

SERUM PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS (SPEP)

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5
Q

● Are different plasma proteins that
are increased in the serum within days following trauma or exposure to inflammatory agents
● Used as BIOMARKERS OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
● Basically, if there is trauma, infection, fever, APR will RISE

A

ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS

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6
Q

ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS

  • during inflammation, CRP will increase in its concentration
A

C Reactive Protein (CRP)

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7
Q

● Are those whose concentrations decrease in an acute phase response
● Most common example is ALBUMIN

A

NEGATIVE ACUTE REACTANTS

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8
Q

➢ TRANSPORT PROTEIN-BOUND TO THYROXINE (T4) AND RETINOL

A

PREALBUMIN

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9
Q

● Function: transport Vitamin A
● Confirm if the specimen is Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
○ Because out of all the proteins, prealbumin can cross easily to blood barrier
○ It has a molecular weight of 62,000 daltons
○ If you are confused about the body fluid, you will test for prealbumin if you suspect that it is CSF.
○ If POSITIVE or ELEVATED levels, it is CSF.

A

PREALBUMIN

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10
Q

PREALBUMIN is also called as ________
because it is rich in tryptophan.

A

TRANSTHYRETIN

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11
Q

PREALBUMIN
Marker for nutritional status
○ If there is MALNUTRITION, prealbumin levels _________
○ If ADEQUATE NUTRITION, _____
levels

A

DECREASE; NORMAL

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12
Q

➢ THE MOST ABUNDANT PROTEIN
GENERALLY USED FOR
TRANSPORT
➢ MAINTAINS FLUID BALANCE IN
TISSUES
- Major component of the serum
- It is single MOST ABUNDANT PROTEIN IN THE BLOOD, specifically in plasma
● It is responsible for maintenance of oncotic pressure in our circulation
● Edematous patients (with chronic kidney disease)- albumin levels are decreased wala nang naga maintain ng oncotic pressure
- The water pressure (OSMOTIC
PRESSURE) will RISE
- If the kidney is DAMAGED specifically the filtering unit, GLOMERULI/GLOMERULUS, albumin can freely exit through urine resulting to loss of oncotic pressure

A

ALBUMIN

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13
Q

ALBUMIN
Negative acute phase reactant:
__________: malnutrition, malabsorption, liver disease, renal disease, skin loss, dilution (over hydrated)

INCREASED OR DECREASED LEVELS?

A

DECREASED LEVELS

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14
Q

ALBUMIN
Negative acute phase reactant:
__________: from mid-gestation until death and account for about one half of plasma protein mass

A

INCREASED LEVELS

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15
Q

ALBUMIN represents the largest peak that lies closest to the ______________________

A

POSITIVE ELECTRODE

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16
Q
  • SMALLER FRACTION of the total serum protein
  • It represents the PRIMARY FOCUS OF INJECT INTERPRETATION for serum protein electrophoresis
A

GLOBULINS

17
Q

5 fragments in globulin:

A

ALPHA 1
ALPHA 2
BETA 1
BETA 2
GAMMA

18
Q

GLOBULINS

➢ PROTECTS FETUS FROM
IMMUNOLOGIC ATTACK BY THE
MOTHER: LEVELS DECREASE GRADUALLY AFTER BIRTH

A

A-1 FETOPROTEIN

19
Q

A-1 FETOPROTEIN
_____________: Spina Bifida, Neural Tube Defects, Anencephaly these are newborn defects

A. INCREASED LEVELS
B. DECREASED LEVELS
C. TUMOR MARKER

A

INCREASED LEVELS

20
Q

A-1 FETOPROTEIN
_____________: Down Syndrome, Trisomy 18

A. INCREASED LEVELS
B. DECREASED LEVELS
C. TUMOR MARKER

A

DECREASED LEVELS

21
Q

A-1 FETOPROTEIN
______________: hepatocellular CA (carcinoma)
● Found between albumin and alpha 1 region

A. INCREASED LEVELS
B. DECREASED LEVELS
C. TUMOR MARKER

A

TUMOR MARKER

22
Q

ALPHA-2 GLOBULINS
➢ (TRANSPORT PROTEIN FOR 90% OF COPPER OTHER 10% IS BOUND TO ALBUMIN)
● Acute phase reactant
● 1 molecule can hold 6-8 ATOMS OF COPPER

A

CERULOPLASMIN

23
Q

CERULOPLASMIN
_____________: Menke’s Kinky Hair Syndrome (genetic disorder)

INCREASED or DECREASED LEVELS?

A

INCREASED LEVELS

24
Q

CERULOPLASMIN
_____________: Wilson’s disease (genetic disorder), malnutrition, malabsorption

INCREASED or DECREASED LEVELS?

A

DECREASED LEVELS

25
Q

ALPHA-2 GLOBULINS
➢ BINDS WITH HGB (HEMOGLOBIN) RELEASED BY LYSIS OF RBC
➢ REMOVED FROM THE CIRCULATION BY “RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM”
● It DOES NOT BIND with myoglobin
● Evaluate the degree of intravascular hemolysis (HTR- Hemolytic Transmission Reaction and HDN Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn)
● If DECREASED ___________ in blood, there is RAPID HEMOLYSIS hemolysis in our system. This means _____________ is BOUND to hemoglobin.

A

HAPTOGLOBIN

26
Q

BETA GLOBULINS
➢ COMPONENT OF THE MAJOR
HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN
(HLA)
● Found on the SURFACE of most nucleated cells
● Present in high concentrations of lymphocytes
● Needed in the production of CD8
cells - a complement system, fights
against infections
● Increased levels: renal failure, multiple myeloma, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE and HIV CD8 cells are actively involved

A

B2-MICROGLOBULIN

27
Q

BETA GLOBULINS

➢ MAJOR COMPONENT OF BETA 2
REGION
➢ TRANSPORT PROTEIN OF IRON
● Negative acute phase reactant
When there is inflammation or
infection, transferrin levels decrease
● INCREASED LEVELS : IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA

A

TRANSFERRIN (SIDEROPHILIN)

28
Q

BETA GLOBULINS

➢ PARTICIPANTS IN IMMUNE REACTION
➢ LINKED TO INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
● MARKER for assessing disease activity in RHEUMATOID DISORDERS
● Link to inflammatory response; participates in immune reaction
● Autoimmune system are active

A

COMPLEMENT

29
Q

BETA GLOBULINS
➢ (BETWEEN THE BETA AND GAMMA REGION)
➢ ONE OF THE LARGEST PLASMA PROTEIN
➢ THE MOST ABUNDANT COAGULATION FACTOR THAT FORMS THE FIBRIN CLOT
● If there is a wound, __________ is
responsible to stop the bleeding
● Acute phase reactant
● INCREASED IN: pregnancy

A

FIBRINOGEN

30
Q

Closest fraction to the NEGATIVE
ELECTRODE

A

GAMMA GLOBULINS

31
Q

GAMMA GLOBULINS
➢ NAMED BECAUSE IT BINDS WITH
THE “C-POLYSACCHARIDE OF
THE PNEUMOCOCCUS”
● Pneumococcus is a bacteria and C
Polysaccharide is found on the cell
wall of this bacteria
● HIGHLY SENSITIVE ACUTE PHASE
REACTANT
● The 1ST INFLAMMATORY MARKER TO APPEAR

A

C-REACTIVE PROTEIN

32
Q

GAMMA GLOBULINS
C-REACTIVE PROTEIN
__________: inflammatory
disease

INCREASED or DECREASED LEVELS

A

INCREASED LEVELS

33
Q

GAMMA GLOBULINS
__________: c-reactive protein level highly
increases

VIRAL or BACTERIAL INFECTION?

A

BACTERIAL INFECTION

34
Q

GAMMA GLOBULINS
__________: do not usually cause a
raised CRP

VIRAL or BACTERIAL INFECTION?

A

VIRAL INFECTION

35
Q

GAMMA GLOBULINS
➢ SYNTHESIZED BY PLASMA CELLS FOR IMMUNE RESPONSE
● Also known as antibodies
● IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD
● Increased levels: multiple myeloma, infections, allergic reactions, hepatic disease

A

IMMUNOGLOBULINS

36
Q

GAMMA GLOBULINS
- PRIMARY OXYGEN-CARRYING
PROTEIN IN STRIATED SKELETAL
AND CARDIAC MUSCLE

A

MYOGLOBIN

37
Q

GAMMA GLOBULIN
(first to increase in Acute Myocardial Infarction) - it will firstly increase in blood chemistry panel

A

CARDIAC MARKER

38
Q

GAMMA GLOBULIN

MYOGLOBIN
___________: AMI, muscular disease

INCREASED OR DECREASED LEVELS

A

INCREASED LEVELS

39
Q

GAMMA GLOBULIN
___________: when there is increased conc. of myoglobin in our blood, it could lead to liver toxicity

A

NEPHROTOXIC

BIOCHEM LEC (10 decks)

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