PRELIMS 2: ROL, APA, Data Collection, & Statistical Analysis Flashcards
Q1: What is a literature review?
A: A comprehensive summary of existing research on a specific topic.
Q2: What is the main purpose of a literature review?
A: To provide background information, identify research gaps, and justify the need for a study.
Q5: What are the five steps in writing a literature review?
A: 1) Collect sources, 2) Thematic organization, 3) Further reading, 4) Writing individual sections, 5) Integrating sections.
Q3: What are the key sources used in a literature review?
A: Journal articles, books, research reports, conference papers, and electronic databases.
Q6: What is the difference between a primary and secondary source?
A: Primary sources are original studies, while secondary sources analyze or summarize primary research.
Q4: What is an annotated bibliography?
A: A list of sources with summaries and critical evaluations of each.
Q8: Why is it important to include contradictory findings in a literature review?
A: To provide a balanced perspective and highlight research gaps.
Q7: How can you ensure a literature review is well-structured?
A: Organize it thematically, chronologically, or methodologically.
Q9: What is “theoretical framework” in a literature review?
A: A set of theories that guide the research study and help interpret findings.
Q3: How do you format an in-text citation for a source with one author?
A: (Smith, 2020) or Smith (2020).
Q10: How do citation databases (e.g., PubMed, Google Scholar) help in a literature review?
A: They provide access to relevant and credible research studies.
Q1: What does APA stand for?
A: American Psychological Association.
Q2: What are the two main elements of APA citation?
A: In-text citations and reference list entries.
Q4: How do you cite a journal article in APA 7?
A: Author(s). (Year). Title of the article. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), Pages. DOI.
Q8: How do you cite a source with three or more authors in-text?
A: (Smith et al., 2020).
Q5: How do you format a book citation in APA?
A: Author(s). (Year). Title of the book. Publisher.
Q9: What is self-plagiarism?
A: Reusing one’s own published work without proper citation.
Q6: What is the correct way to cite a website in APA?
A: Author(s). (Year). Title of the webpage. Website Name. URL
Q10: What is the purpose of citing sources?
A: To avoid plagiarism, give credit to authors, and provide verifiable evidence.
Q7: How do you format a reference list?
A: Alphabetically by the author’s last name with a hanging indent.
Q4: What is the difference between structured and unstructured interviews?
A: Structured interviews have predefined questions, while unstructured interviews are open-ended.
Q1: What are the two main types of data collection?
A: Primary data (collected firsthand) and secondary data (collected from existing sources).
Q2: What are examples of primary data collection methods?
A: Surveys, interviews, experiments, and observations.
Q3: What are examples of secondary data sources?
A: Books, journals, government reports, and databases.
Q6: How does a questionnaire differ from an interview?
A: A questionnaire is a written form of data collection, while an interview is verbal.
Q7: What are observational studies?
A: Research methods where behavior is recorded without direct intervention.
Q5: What is the purpose of a pilot study in data collection?
A: To test and refine research instruments before the main study.
Q3: What are examples of descriptive statistics?
A: Mean, median, mode, standard deviation, and range.
Q8: What is the importance of reliability in data collection?
A: Ensures consistent results when the study is repeated.
Q9: What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data?
A: Qualitative data are descriptive, while quantitative data are numerical.
Q10: Why is ethical approval important in data collection?
A: To protect participants’ rights, ensure informed consent, and maintain confidentiality.
Q1: What is statistical analysis?
A: The process of interpreting and analyzing data to draw conclusions.
Q2: What are the two main types of statistics?
A: Descriptive statistics (summarizing data) and inferential statistics (drawing conclusions).
Q5: What is the purpose of a t-test?
A: To compare the means of two groups to determine if they are significantly different.
Q6: What is ANOVA used for?
A: Comparing the means of three or more groups.
Q7: What is the difference between correlation and causation?
A: Correlation shows a relationship between variables, but causation proves one variable affects another.
Q8: What is regression analysis?
A: A method to predict the value of a dependent variable based on independent variables.
Q9: Why are confidence intervals important?
A: They indicate the range within which a population parameter is expected to fall.
Q10: What is a chi-square test used for?
A: To determine if there is a significant association between categorical variables.
Q4: What is a p-value?
A: The probability that an observed result occurred by chance (typically < 0.05 is significant).
