prelim pt 2 Flashcards
abnormal concentration of mineral salts
calculus
inflammation of the epiglottis
epiglottitis
abnormal connection bet. Two internal organs
fistula
condition preventing the passage of saliva through duct
Salivary Duct Obstruction
narrowing or contraction of a passage
stenosis
new tissue growth where cell proliferation is uncontrolled
tumor
Pouches that form on the inner wall of the intestine
diverticulae
autoimmune that affects body’s exocrine gland (esp. salivary & lacrimal) dryness of mouth & eyes
Sjogren’s Disease
- Fill the mouth with air
- Puff the cheeks out as much as possible
- Purpose: to increase the visibility of salivary calculi
Iglauer Maneuver
- used a positive contrast technique
- investigate suspected tumors of the soft palate.
Bloch and Quantrill
o have patient swallow a small amount of thick, creamy BaSO4 suspension
o to coat inferior surface of soft palate & uvula.
1st Palatogram:
o Obtain a second lateral image after 0.5 ml of the creamy barium suspension is injected into each
nasal cavity
o to coat the superior surface of the soft palate and the posterior wall of the nasopharynx.
2nd Palatogram
- evaluate abnormalities of chewing & swallowing function in children using cineradiography as child chews barium impregnated chocolate fudge
Morgan et al Technique
- performed to assess the extent of nasopharyngeal tumors.
Positive-contrast nasopharyngography
- Described an opaque contrast nasopharyngographic procedure in which the patient is not required to keep the neck in an uncomfortable extended position for the entire examination.
CHITTINAND, PATHEJA, & WISENBURG TECHNIQUE
act of swallowing performed by the rapid and highly coordinated action of many muscles
deglutition
consists of tying a dark-colored shoestring (metal tips removed) snugly around the patient’s throat above the thyroid cartilage
gunson method
provide considerable information about alterations in the normal anatomy and function of laryngopharyngeal structures
negative contrast studies
- tests abduction of the vocal cord
- show the cords open (abducted), with an uninterrupted column of air extending from the laryngeal vestibule inferiorly into the trachea
quiet inspiration
- patient is asked to take a deep breath and, while exhaling slowly, to phonate either a high-pitched e-ee or a low-pitched a-a-h.
- show the closed (adducted) vocal cords just above the break in the air column at the closed rima glottidis
- phonation
normal (expiratory) phonation
- Powers, Holtz, and Ogural introduced the use of inspiratory phonation for demonstration of the laryngeal ventricle.
- AKA “reverse phonation” and “aspirate or aspirant maneuver.”
- patient is asked to exhale completely then to inhale slowly while making a harsh, stridulous sound with the phonation of e or another high-pitched sound.
- test adducts the vocal cords, moves them inferiorly, and balloons the ventricle for clear delineation
inspiratory phonation
- tests the elasticity and functional integrity of the glottis
- patient is asked to take a deep breath and to hold the breath in while bearing down as if trying to move the bowels
- forces the breath against the closed glottis, which increases both intrathoracic and intraabdominal pressure.
valsalva’s manuever
- tests the elasticity of the laryngeal pharynx (hypopharynx) and the
piriform recesses. - show the glottis closed and the laryngeal pharynx and piriform recesses distended with air
- pinches the nostrils together with the thumb and forefinger of one hand
- Keeping the mouth closed, the patient makes and sustains a slight effort to blow the nose.
- Alternatively, the patient can blow the cheeks outward against the closed nostrils and mouth as if blowing into a horn or balloon
modified valsalva’s manuever
- Performed to determine the exact site, size, and extent of tumor masses.
- Done under fluoroscopy with patient under mild sedative
positive contrast studies
–dry the mucous membrane; immediate contact of topical anesthesia; better & more uniform
adherence of CM
atropine
Enlargement of thyroid gland, results in swelling
goiter
a portion of the gland may protrude into the superior thoracic cavity behind the sternum
- Intrathoracic, Retrosternal, or Substernal goiter
- obtain oblique studies of the neck
nodular enlargment
- Used to demonstrate the thyroid gland & cervical lymph nodes
MATOBA & KIKUCHI (Lymphographic Technique)
low viscosity, high density barium
double contrast
strictures
thin barium sulfate
intraluminal lesions
thick barium sulfate
weight/volume suspension is useful for full-column single contrast technique.
30 to 50
– enlarged tortuous veins of lower esophagus
esophageal varices
failure of smooth muscle of alimentary tract to relax
achalasia
relaxation of cardiac sphincter of esophagus
chalasia
protrusion of stomach through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm
hiatal hernia
peptic ulcer of the lower esophagus, often with stricture
barriett’s esophagus
demonstration of vocal cords & for cleft palate studies
phonation of vowel sounds
– distend subglottic larynx & trachea w/ air
Valsalva maneuver
distend supraglottic larynx & hypopharynx w/ air
Modified Valsalva maneuver
- demonstrate the esophagogastric junction
- Patients swallow a mouthful of water through straw under fluoroscopy
water test
Demonstrate relationship between heart & esophagus
cardiac esophagogram
- Examination of the nasolacrimal drainage system.
- performed by filling the lumina of the canals with a radiopaque medium.
DACRYOCYSTOGRAPHY
watering of the eyes due to excessive secretion of tears
epiphora
- examination of the salivary glands and ducts
- Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual
sialography
- performed to assess the extent of nasopharyngeal tumors.
Positive-contrast nasopharyngography
dry the mucous membrane; immediate contact of topical anesthesia; better & more uniform adherence of CM
atropine
- Radiographic examination of the esophagus
- May be examined by performing a full-column, single contrast or double contrast procedure
- No preliminary preparation
esophagography
study possible regurgitation into the esophagus
toe-tocuh manuever
dakryon
tear
Localized dilatation of the abdominal aorta
abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)
Inflammation of the appendix
appendicitis
Blockage of the bowel lumen
bowel obstruction
Failure of bowel peristalsis
ileus
presence of air in the peritoneal cavity
pneumoperitoneum
Recurrent disorder causing inflammatory ulceration in the colon
ulecrative colitis
never administered to ill patients who are acutely ill or have a condition such as visceral rupture or intestinal obstruction or perforation.
preliminary preparation
