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contrast > prelim > Flashcards

prelim Flashcards

1
Q

➢ Show organs or parts of the body
in contrast to their surrounding
tissue.
➢ Increase differential attenuation
between a soft tissue structure and
surrounding tissue

A

contrast media/agent

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2
Q
  • type of contrast used to decrease organ density
    to produce contrast
    ➢ Low atomic number
    ➢ Readily penetrated than the surrounding tissue
A

negative

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3
Q

– used to increase organ density & improve radiographic visualization
➢ High atomic number

A

positive

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4
Q

positive and negative contrast
agent

A

double contrast

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5
Q

➢ A suspension which is dry powder
or premixed.
➢ Properties:
1. high atomic number
2. insoluble and stable
3. little upset to the intestinal
tract even in large doses
4. cheap

A

BaSO4

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6
Q
  1. Organic soluble
  2. Iodinated oil
    2.1. non-absorbable
    2.2. slowly absorbable
A

Iodinated Contrast Agent

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7
Q

not readily absorbed by the
body

A

oil based

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8
Q

high osmolality

A

ionic

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9
Q

low osmolality

A

non-ionic

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10
Q

measure of the total number of
particles in solution/kg of H2O

A

osmolality

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11
Q

fluidity

A

Viscosity

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12
Q

may have adverse effects on cardiovascular system.

A

calcium binding

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13
Q

stable for 5 years

A

chemical stability

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14
Q

Categories of LOCM:

A
  1. Ionic dimer
  2. non-ionic monomers
  3. Non-ionic dimer
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15
Q

MODE OF ADMINISTRATION

A
  1. Oral
  2. Parenteral
  3. Direct injection through opaque catheters
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16
Q

Sensitivity Testing:

A
  1. Scleral method – 1 drop (gtt)
  2. Sublingual method – 1gtt of CM
  3. Intradermal method – 1cc
  4. IV – 1cc
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17
Q

Clinical Manifestation of Expected Side Effects

A
  • A feeling of flushing or warmth
  • Nausea &/or vomiting
  • Headache
  • Pain of the injection site
  • Altered taste, maybe metallic
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18
Q

Clinical Manifestation of a Vasovagal Reaction

A
  • pallor
  • cold sweats
  • rapid pulse
  • syncope or complaint of feeling faint
  • bradycardia
  • hypertension
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19
Q

Clinical Manifestations of a Moderate Adverse Reaction

A
  • Nausea, vomiting - dizziness
  • Cough - shaking
  • Feeling warmth - itching
  • Headache - pallor
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20
Q

Clinical Manifestation of a Moderate Adverse Reaction

A
  • Tachycardia or bradycardia
  • Hypertension or hypotension
  • Dyspnea
  • Bronchospasm or wheezing
  • Patient complains of feeling of throat closing
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21
Q

Clinical Manifestations of a Severe Anaphylactic Reaction

A
  • Dyspnea related to laryngeal edema
  • Lack of patient response
  • Hypotention
  • Cardiac Arrest
  • Seizures
  • Cardiac arrhythmia
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22
Q

result of an exaggerated hypersensitivity reaction to re-exposure to an antigen
that was previously encountered by the body’s immune system.

A

Anaphylactic Shock

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23
Q

Classification of Clinical Manifestations:

A
  • mild
  • moderate
  • extreme systemic reaction
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24
Q
  • nasal congestion, preorbital swelling, itching, sneezing and tearing of eyes
  • peripheral tingling or itching at the side of injection
  • feeling of fullness or tightness of the chest, mouth or throat
  • feeling of anxiety or nervousness
A

mild systemic reaction

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25
Q
  • all of the above symptoms, plus
  • flushing, feeling of warmth, itching & urticaria
  • bronchospasm & edema of the airways or larynx
  • dyspnea, cough & wheezing
A

moderate systemic reaction

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26
Q
  • all symptoms listed above with an abrupt onset
  • decreasing BP, weak thread pulse either rapid or shallow
  • rapid progression to bronchospasm, laryngeal edema, severe dyspnea
  • dysphasia, abdominal cramping, vomiting & diarrhea
  • seizure, respiratory & cardiac arrest
A

severe systemic reaction

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27
Q

MEDICATION: systemic reaction

A

Epinephrine, diphenhydramine,
hydrocortisone, & aminophylline

28
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD CA:

A
  1. Show structure/s clearly
  2. Remain physically inert
  3. Non-toxic
  4. Eliminated unchanged
29
Q

RULES TO BE OBSERVED WHN ADMINISTERING CA:

A
  1. be sure you have the right patient
  2. be sure you have the right & amount of CA
  3. be sure to give the CA at the right time
  4. never handle a tablet or powder with your fingers
  5. read or chart the amount of CA given the time & initials of the RT
  6. Technologist give oral (BaSO4, telepaque ect…) physician administer IV CA
30
Q
  • Radiographic examination of the salivary glands and ducts.
  • Other imaging modality of choice: CT or MRI
A

SIALOGRAPHY

31
Q

INDICATION: SIALOGRAPHY

A
  • Fistula - Diverticulae - tumor - pain
  • Stenosis - Sjoren’s Disease - Calculi - recurrent swelling
32
Q

CONTRA INDICATION: SIALOGRAPHY

A

Acute infection or inflammation

33
Q

CONTRAST MEDIA USED: SIALOGRAPHY

A

➢ Water-soluble iodinated CM
➢ Omnipaque 300

34
Q

Attached to cannula or catheter

A

Manual pressure syringe

35
Q

Used of syringe barrel with plunger removed
Attached to drip stand
Distance: 28 cm above level of patient’s mouth

A

Hydrostatic pressure

36
Q

SECRETORY STIMULANTS

A

✓ Fresh lemons slice/juice
✓ 2-3 minutes before and after completion of the examination

37
Q

PATIENT PREPARATION

A

1.) Removed dentures
2.) Removed radiopaque
items

38
Q

ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT

A

✓ 3 mL syringe
✓ Cotton swabs
✓ Sterile gauze
✓ Extension tubing
✓ Adhesive tape
✓ Cannula : blunt-tipped or modified butterfly
✓ disposable sterile gloves
✓ topical anesthetic
✓ Preferred CM
✓ Lemon slice/juice
✓ Head lamp : For better illumination of the orifice

39
Q

✓ Oral/buccal cavity
✓ First division of digestive
system
✓ Forms by cheeks, hard and
soft palates, and tongue
✓ Receives saliva

A

MOUTH

40
Q

Space between teeth
and cheeks

A

Oral Vestibule

41
Q

Oral Cavity/Mouth Proper

A

Space within dental arches

42
Q

✓ Anterior portion
✓ Forms by horizontal plates of maxillae and palatine bones

A

Hard Palate

43
Q

✓ Posterior portion
✓ Highly sensitive to touch
✓ Function:
- Partial septum between mouth and pharynx
✓ Uvula: pendulous process
✓ Anterior arches: project forward to the sides of the base of tongue
✓ Posterior arches: projects posteriorly to blend the posterolateral walls of the pharynx

A

Soft palate

44
Q

triangular space occupied by anterior and posterior arches

A

palatine tonsil

45
Q

✓ Forms the floor of the mouth
✓ Freely movable
✓ Base: directed posteriorly
✓ Apex: directed anteriorly

A

Tongue

46
Q

free space under the tongue

A

Sublingual space

47
Q

restricts the movement the tongue

A

Frenulum of the tongue

48
Q

crest-like ridge

A

Sublingual fold

49
Q

for mastication

A

teeth

50
Q

process of chewing and grinding food into small pieces

A

mastication

51
Q
  • Softens the food
  • Keeps the mouth moist
  • Contributes digestive enzymes
A

Saliva

52
Q

➢ Secretes saliva
➢ 1L of saliva/day

A

SALIVARY GLANDS

53
Q

3 MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDS

A
  1. Parotid
  2. Submandibular/Submaxillary Gland
  3. Sublingual Gland
54
Q
  • Largest
  • Wedge-shaped gland
  • Location: anterior and inferior to the ear
  • Portion: Superior portion
    Deep/Retromandibular portion
  • Duct: Parotid duct/Stensen’s duct
A

Parotid Gland

55
Q
  • Second largest
  • Irregular shaped gland
  • Location: inferior and medial to the body of mandible
  • Duct: Submandibular/Submaxillary duct/Wharton’s duct
A

Submandibular/Submaxillary Gland

56
Q

muscle of the tongue and floor of the mouth

A

Mylohyoid muscle

57
Q
  • Smallest
  • Elongated gland
  • Location: floor of the mouthbeneath subligual fold
  • Duct: Sublingual Duct/ Bartholin’s Duct
  • Unique Structure: duct of
A

Sublingual Glands

58
Q

-12 small ducts
- Helps transport saliva to oral cavity

A

Rivinus

59
Q

4 MINOR SALIVARY GLANDS

A

1.) Labial Glands – lips
2.) Buccal Glands – cheeks
3.) Palatal Glands – palate
4.) Lingual Glands – tongue

60
Q

POSITIONING ROUTINES

A

PP, RP, CR, SS

61
Q

PP

A

Patient/Part Position

62
Q

RP

A

Reference Point

63
Q

CR

A

Central Ray

64
Q

SS

A

Structures Shown

65
Q

tangential projection

A

PP - Recumbent/seated

66
Q
A

contrast (2 decks)

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