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BACTERIOLOGY LECTURE > (PRELIM) PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES AND ARCHAE > Flashcards

(PRELIM) PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES AND ARCHAE Flashcards

1
Q

These are organisms that do not contain a true nucleus.

A

PROKARYOTES

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2
Q

These organisms also do not contain organelles such as Mitochondria ,endoplasmicreticulum,and Golgi apparatus .

A

PROKARYOTES

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3
Q

All the functions of the prokaryotes take place in the ________ or _________

A

cytoplasm or cytoplasmicmembrane.

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4
Q

The word “prokaryote” is formed by the words “pro,” which means

A

before

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5
Q

the Greek word “karyon” which means

A

nucleus, nut, or kernel

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6
Q

A common example of these cells (prokaryotes) are the ______

A

bacteria

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7
Q

It is the outer most structure of the bacterial cell

A

Cell Envelope

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8
Q

It is composed of an outer membrane (Gram-negative bacteria), cell wall, periplasm (Gram- negativebacteria), and plasma membrane.

A

Cell Envelope

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9
Q

It is also referred to as a peptidoglycan or murein

A

Cell Wall

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10
Q

It is a rigid structure that maintains the shape of the cell

A

Cell Wall

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11
Q

It is composed of disaccharide-pentapeptide subunits and teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid

A

Cell Wall

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12
Q

Its synthesis and structure have been the primary target of antimicrobial agents.

A

Cell Wall

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13
Q

It serve as a point anchorage for the flagella

A

Cell Wall

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14
Q

It determines the staining characteristics of a species.

A

Cell Wall

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15
Q

What is the two types of cell wall

A

Gram-positive cell wall
Gram-negative cell wall

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16
Q

It is composed of a very thick protective peptidoglycan (murein) layer.

A

Gram-positive cell wall

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17
Q

It consists of glycan chains of alternating N-acetyl-D- glucosamine(NAG) and N-acetyl-Dmuramic(NAM)acid.

A

Gram-positive cell wall

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18
Q

It contains a negatively charged teichoic acid and contributes to the total electric charge of the cell wall

A

Gram-positive cell wall

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19
Q

It is the prime target of antimicrobial agents, like penicillin, which prevent the synthesis of peptidoglycan

A

Gram-positive cell wall

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20
Q

It has porins that contribute to the permeability of the cell wall.

A

Gram-negative cell wall

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21
Q

It contains a periplasmic space which is involved in peptidoglycan synthesis.

A

Gram-negative cell wall

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22
Q

It does not contain teichoic acid.

A

Gram-negative cell wall

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23
Q

The 2 layers of the Gram-Negative Cell Wall

A

Outer membrane / wall
Inner membrane / wall

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24
Q

It is composed of proteins, phospholipids, and lipopolysaccharide(LPS)

A

Outer membrane / wall

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25
Q

.It is vital in evading the host defenses - the strong
negative charge of the outer membrane is an important
factor in evading phagocytosis

A

Outer membrane / wall

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26
Q

It contributes to the negative charge of the bacterial surface, which stabilizes the membrane structure.

A

Outer membrane / wall

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27
Q

It allows hydrophilic compounds to enter the cell through the porins.

A

Outer membrane / wall

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28
Q

It acts as a barrier to toxic substances that prevents movement inside the cell.

A

Outer membrane / wall

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29
Q

It is also considered as an endotoxin.

A

Outer membrane/wall

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30
Q

3 regions of LPS: Lipid A (endotoxin, major component),
core polysaccharide, and antigenic O-specific
polysaccharide

A

Outer membrane/wall

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31
Q

It is composed of a thin peptidoglycan layer, which is the
reason for its high susceptibility to mechanical breakage

A

Inner membrane/wall

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32
Q

It has a Gram-positive cell wall structure

A

Acid-fast cell wall

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33
Q

Aside from a peptidoglycan layer, it contains a waxy layer
of glycolipids and fatty acids (mycolic acid) that is bound
to the exterior of the cell wall

A

Acid-fast cell wall

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34
Q

Mycolic acid has a strong hydrophobic structure that
affects the permeability of the acid-fast cell wall

A

Acid-fast cell wall

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35
Q

Some examples of bacterial cells that have this kind of
cell wall are Mycobacterium and Nocardia.

A

Acid-fast cell wall

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36
Q

Prokaryotes that do not have a cell wall contain sterols in
their cell membrane

A

Absence of a cell wall

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37
Q

Examples of these are: Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma

A

Absence of a cell wall

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38
Q

it functions as mitochondria, Golgi complexes and
lysozymes

A

Plasma Membrane

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39
Q

it acts as an osmotic barrier

A

Plasma Membrane

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40
Q

it regulates the transport of solute across the membrane
as well as the generation of chemical energy (ATP)

A

Plasma Membrane

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41
Q

it is the site or respiratory and photosynthesis.

A

Plasma Membrane

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42
Q

3 Cytoplasmic Structure a Prokaryotic Cell

A
  1. Ribosome (Non-Membranous Structure)
  2. Genome
  3. Plasmid
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43
Q

It is the site of protein biosynthesis and gives the
cytoplasm a granular structure.

A

Ribosome (Non-Membranous Structure)

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44
Q

It consists of RNA and Proteins

A

Ribosome (Non-Membranous Structure)

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45
Q

It is 70S in size and separate into two subunits 50S and
30S

A

Ribosome (Non-Membranous Structure)

46
Q

It consist of a single, circular chromosome

A

Genome

47
Q

It appears diffused nucleiod or chromatin body that is
attached to a mesosome (sac like structure)

A

Genome

48
Q

It is an extrachromosomal, double-stranded element of DNA that
is associated with virulence.

A

Plasmid

49
Q

It is located in the cytoplasm and serves as a site for the genes to
encode for antibiotic resistance and toxin production.

A

Plasmid

50
Q

It is a self-replicating cellular structure that may be transferred to
a daughter cell (vertical transfer) or may be transferred asexually
through conjugation (horizontal transfer)

A

Plasmid

51
Q

It is not essential for bacterial growth thus, a bacterial cell may or
may not contain a plasmid.

A

Plasmid

52
Q
  • It sometimes disappears during cell division, and it can ma~e
    bacteria (mostly Gram- negative bacteria) pathogenic.
A

Plasmid

53
Q

Two Kinds of Plasmids:

A

Large plasmids
Small plasmids

54
Q

is responsible for production of betalactamases that provide resistance to beta-lactam
antibiotics like penicillin and oxacillin

A

Large plasmids

55
Q

is resistant to tetracyclinrd and
chloramphenicol

A

Small plasmids

56
Q

They serve as the energy source or food reserve of the bacteria

A

Inclusion bodies

57
Q

They are composed mainly of polysaccharides, which lessen
osmotic pressure

A

Inclusion bodies

58
Q

Examples: Glycogen, cyanophycin granules, poly-betahydroxybutyrate granules, carboxysomes (cyanobacteria,
nitrifying bacteria, and thiobacilli), gas vacuoles (cyanobacteria,
halobacterium, and Thiothrix), and polyphosphate granules
(volutin or metachromatic granules)

A

Inclusion bodies

59
Q

Examples of polyphosphate granules: Babes-Ernst bodies
(Corynebacterium diphtheriae), bipolar bodies (Yersinia pestis),
and Much’s granules (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)

A

Inclusion bodies

60
Q

These are small, dormant structures located inside the bacterial cell

A

Endospores/Asexual spores (Resistant structures)

61
Q

They aid in the survival of bacteria against external conditions

A

Endospores/Asexual spores (Resistant structures)

62
Q

They are produced within vegetative cells of some Gram-positive
bacteria

A

Endospores/Asexual spores (Resistant structures)

63
Q

They are composed of dipicolinic acid and calcium ions (calcium
dipicolinate)

A

Endospores/Asexual spores (Resistant structures)

64
Q

The locations of these structures aid in the microscopic
identification of bacteria

A

Endospores/Asexual spores (Resistant structures)

65
Q

Examples of endospore-forming bacteria:

A

Badllus and Clostridum

66
Q

3 Types of Spores According to their Location and the
Associated Organism

A

a. Terminal spore
b. Subterminal spore
c. Central spore

67
Q

Terminal spore

A

Clostridium tetani

68
Q

Subterminal spore

A

Clostridium botulinum

69
Q

Central spore

A

Badllus anthracis

70
Q

It is an outward complex of polysaccharides on the bacterial surface
and other cells

A

Glycocalyx

71
Q

It helps the bacteria in attaching to the surface of tissues or solid
objects

A

Glycocalyx

72
Q

It appears as a capsule or a slime layer

A

Glycocalyx

73
Q

2 Types of Glycocalyx

A

a. Capsule
b. Slime layer

74
Q

It is an organized material that is firmly attached to the cell wall

A

Capsule

75
Q

It is mostly made up of polysaccharide polymers

A

Capsule

76
Q

It protects the bacteria (virulence factor) from the attacks of human
defense system cells since it resists phagocytosis and dessication.

A

Capsule

77
Q

Slime layer

A

It is an unorganized material that is loosely attached to the cell wall

78
Q

It also consists of polysaccharides

A

Slime layer

79
Q

It can either inhibit phagocytosis or aid in the adherence of the
bacteria to the host tissue or synthetic implants

A

Slime layer

80
Q

It is important in the survivability and the pathogenic ability of
bacteria.

A

Flagellum (Organ of Locomotion)

81
Q

It is an exterior protein filament (flagellin) that rotates and causes
bacteria to be motile.

A

Flagellum (Organ of Locomotion)

82
Q

5 Flagellar Arrangement

A

Atrichous
Monotrichous
Amphitrichous
Lophotrichous
Peritrichous

83
Q

without flagellum

A

Atrichous

84
Q

single flagellum on one end

A

Monotrichous-

85
Q

single flagellum on both
ends

A

Amphitrichous

86
Q

tuff/group of flagella on one
end or both ends

A

Lophotrichous

87
Q

spread over the whole surface

A

Peritrichous

88
Q

These are hair-like, proteinaceous structures,
about 2 μm in length, that extend from the cell membrane to the external environment.

A

Pili (Fimbriae)

89
Q

2 Types of Pili

A

a. Common/Somatic Pili
b. Sex Pili

90
Q

they are the organ of attachment - aid in the attachment of
bacteria to issues and surfaces

A

Common/Somatic Pili

91
Q

They are considered a virulence factor.

A

Common/Somatic Pili

92
Q

Examples of
bacteria with common pili:

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae and
Pseudomonas

93
Q

They are an essential part of the genetic transfer
or conjugation process

A

Sex Pili

94
Q

Example of bacteria with sex pili

A

E. coli (also with
somatic pili

95
Q

3 WAYS TO
DEMONSTRATE
MOTILITY

A

Hanging Drop Method
Use of Semi-solid media i.e
SIM
Use of flagellar stains i.e.
Gray’s. Leifson

96
Q

Alcaligenes
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Campylobacter
Clostridium tetani
Escherichia coli
Helicobacter
Listeria
Pseudomonas
Vibrio

A

MOTILE BACTERIA

97
Q

Bacillus anthracis
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Streptococcus
pneumoniae

A

BACTERIA WITH
CAPSULES

98
Q

Bacillus
Clostridium

A

BACTERIA WITH
SPORES

99
Q

Corynebacterium
Mycobacterium
Nocardia and Actinomycetes
Pasteurella and Bordetella
Babes-Ernst bodies
Much’ s granules
Sulfur granules
Bipolar bodies

A

BACTERIA WITH INCLUSION BODIES OR
GRANULES

100
Q

3 MAIN MORPHOLOGICAL SHAPES

A
  1. COCCI - (Spherical)
  2. BACILLUS / BACILLI- (Rod-Shaped)
  3. SPIROCHETES (Spiral)
101
Q

singly

A

Coccus

102
Q

in pairs

A

Diplococci

103
Q

in chains

A

Streptococci

104
Q

group-like in clusters

A

Staphylococci

105
Q

4

A

Tetrads

106
Q

8 (cube-like)

A

Sarcina

107
Q

short to long filamentous rods

A

Coccobacilli

108
Q

tapered end

A

Fusiform

109
Q

comma

A

Vibrio

110
Q

align side-by-side

A

Palisades

BACTERIOLOGY LECTURE (6 decks)

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