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BACTERIOLOGY LECTURE > (PRELIM) Bacterial Genetics And Metabolism > Flashcards

(PRELIM) Bacterial Genetics And Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

All _______ are gram positive except Neisseria,
Branhamella (Moraxella), Veilonella

A

cocci

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2
Q

All ________ are gram negative except Bacillus,
Listeria, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Erysipelothrix, Lactobacillus, Mycobacterium,
Actinomadura, Arcanobacterium, Gordonia,
Kuthria, Nocardia, Rhodococcus, Streptomyces,
Tropheryma whipplei, Tsukamurella

A

bacilli

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3
Q

presented In the 1920s
that DNA Is composed of
phosphates, five carbon,
sugars, and nitrogencontaining bases.

A

PHOEBUS A.T . LEVINE

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4
Q

Discover DNA in 1868

A

FREDERICK MIESCHER

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5
Q

introduced the helical
structure using x-ray
crystallography.

A

ROSALIND FRANKLIN

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6
Q

It is n double-stranded helical chain of
deoxynucleotides.

A

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)

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7
Q

In DNA There are 4 nitrogen bases

A

adenine, guanine,
thymine, and cytosine

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8
Q

The helix formed from the twisted doublestranded structure appears like a “____________.”

A

“spiral
staircase”

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9
Q

It is single-stranded, short-nucleic acid

A

RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)

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10
Q

It contains sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose

A

RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)

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11
Q

it has the same nitrogen bases found in the DNA
except for the thymine, which is replaced by ______

A

URACIL

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12
Q

The process of heredity and variation.

A

GENETICS

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13
Q

It is the starting point from which all other
cellular pathways, functions, and structures
originate .

A

GENETICS

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14
Q

________in genetics is a process where there is
duplication of chromosomal DNA for insertion into a
daughter cell

A

Replication

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15
Q

It results from a division of one parent cell, then each of
the resulting daughter cell receives the full and identical
genetic complement contained in the original parent cell.

A

Replication

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16
Q

The process of replication takes approximately _____________ with rapidly growing bacteria.

A

40
minutes

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17
Q

The process of encoding information in the genetic
elements is known as _________

A

GENE EXPRESSION.

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18
Q

It is the synthesis of a single-stranded RNA using one
strand of the DNA as a template

A

TRANSCRIPTION

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19
Q

It converts the DNA base sequence of a gene into a
mRNA molecule.

A

TRANSCRIPTION

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20
Q

is a molecule that contains the
instructions or recipe that directs the cells to make a protein
using its natural machinery.

A

mRNA (Messenger RNA)

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21
Q

It is a process wherein a specific protein is synthesized
from the mRNA.

A

TRANSLATION

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22
Q

The genetic code with mRNA molecules is translated into
a specific amino acid sequence that is responsible for the
protein structure and function.

A

TRANSLATION

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23
Q

A change in the original nucleotide sequence of a
gene or genes within an organism
’
s genome
(genotype)

A

MUTATION

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24
Q

It may be induced by chemical or physical
factors in the environment or by biologic factors
such as the introduction of a foreign DNA into the
cell.

A

MUTATION

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25
It also occurs as a result of error during replication.
MUTATION
26
It is a process by which genes are transferred or exchanged between homologous regions on two DNA molecules.
RECOMBINATION (HOMOLOGOUS RECCOMBINATION)
27
It provides a way for organisms to acquire and copy new combinations of biochemical pathways from the changes in their environment. It occurs when a portion of the genetic material that originates from one bacterial cell (donor) is transferred into a second bacterial cell (recipient).
RECOMBINATION (HOMOLOGOUS RECCOMBINATION)
28
It involves a number of binding proteins with the RecA protein, which is essential for DNA repair and maintenance, playing a central role.
RECOMBINATION (HOMOLOGOUS RECCOMBINATION)
29
Genes are transferred or exchanged between homologous regions on _________
2 DNA molecules
30
Occurs when a portion of the genetic material that originates from one bacterial cell (donor) is transferred into a second.
RECOMBINATION (HOMOLOGOUS RECCOMBINATION)
31
3 GENETIC EXCHANGE
1.) TRANSFORMATION 2.) TRANSDUCTION 3.) CONJUGATION
32
Uptake and incorporation of naked (free) DNA into a bacterial cell.
TRANSFORMATION
33
It involves the recipient cell up taking free DNA that is released into the environment when another bacterial cell (donor) dies and undergoes lysis or cell disintegration caused by a rupture in the cell wall.
TRANSFORMATION
34
Transfer of bacterial genes by a bacteriophage (virus capable of infecting bacteria) from one cell to another.
TRANSDUCTION
35
In this mechanism, DNA from two bacteria may come together in one cell. There are Two (2) types of transduction:
Generalized transduction Specialized transduction
36
is the process in which the bacterial DNA may be randomly incorporated with the viral DNA
Generalized transduction
37
is the process in which the bacterial DNA adjacent to the viral DNA in the bacteria is packaged into a new virus particle.
Specialized transduction
38
Transfer of genetic material from a donor bacterial strain to a recipient strain
CONJUGATION
39
The donor strain produces a sex pilus, which binds to the recipient cell and brings the two cells in close contact
CONJUGATION-
40
It is the transfer of genetic material from a donor cell to a recipient cell and occurs between two living cells (cell-to-cell contact).
CONJUGATION-
41
defined as the sum of all chemical processes that take place in a living organism and results in its growth, energy generation, waste disposal, and other functions in relation to cell nutrient distribution.
Metabolism
42
Bacterial metabolism is divided into two major parts:
anabolism or the constructive phase catabolism or the destructive phase.
43
It consists of biochemical reactions that break down organic compounds and produce new bacterial structures from the resulting carbon skeleton.
Bacterial metabolism
44
All ________ in the cell depend on the presence and activity of specific enzymes
biochemical reactions
45
It is accomplished by the breakdown of chemical substrates (chemical energy) through the degradative process of catabolism that is coupled with oxidation reduction reactions.
ENERGY PRODUCTION
46
Compounds such as glucose that have many hydrogen atoms are highly reduced compounds, and thus contain a large amount of potential energy
ENERGY PRODUCTION
47
Is an essential nutrient for energy production in organisms
Glucose
48
from ________, microorganisms use two general to produce energy respiration and fermentation
glucose
49
It is an efficient ATP-generating process in which molecules are oxidized and results in an inorganic molecule as the final electron acceptor.
RESPIRATION
50
In this process, glucose is completely broken down and results in a high-energy production.
RESPIRATION
51
In the presence of oxygen, glucose is changed into carbon dioxide and Water.
RESPIRATION
52
It is carried out by obligate aerobes and facultative anaerobes
RESPIRATION
53
In an _________, oxygen is the final electron acceptor
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
54
In an___________ , one of the different exogenous substances, such as nitrate, sulfate, and fumarate, is the final electron acceptor
anaerobic respiration
55
2 PROCESS IN RESPIRATION
1. GLYCOLYSIS (EMBDEN- MEYERHOF-PARNAS PATHWAY) 2. KERBS CYCLE (TRICARBOXYLIC ACID OR TCA CYCLE)
56
It is the first stage in carbohydrate metabolism
GLYCOLYSIS (EMBDEN- MEYERHOF-PARNAS PATHWAY)
57
It is the oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid
GLYCOLYSIS (EMBDEN- MEYERHOF-PARNAS PATHWAY)
58
It is the major route of glucose metabolism in most cells
GLYCOLYSIS (EMBDEN- MEYERHOF-PARNAS PATHWAY)
59
It is the most important process for the complete oxidation of a substrate under aerobic conditions.
KERBS CYCLE (TRICARBOXYLIC ACID OR TCA CYCLE)
60
In this process, an enzyme system converts pyruvate into carbon dioxide and an acid
KERBS CYCLE (TRICARBOXYLIC ACID OR TCA CYCLE)
61
This cycle is used to generate energy' in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
KERBS CYCLE (TRICARBOXYLIC ACID OR TCA CYCLE)
62
The substrate for this process is the acetyl coenzyme A
KERBS CYCLE (TRICARBOXYLIC ACID OR TCA CYCLE)
63
It does not require oxygen (anaerobic process), the use of Krebs cycle, or an electron transport chain.
FERMENTATION
64
It releases energy from sugars or other organic molecules such as amino acids and purines
FERMENTATION
65
It forms a mixture of end products (lactate, butyrate, ethanol, and acetoin) in the medium; the analysis of these products is useful for the identification of anerobic bacteria.
FERMENTATION
66
It is carried out by both obligate and facultative anaerobes.
FERMENTATION
67
5 PROCESS IN FERMENTATION
1. .ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION 2. HOMOLACTIC FERMENTATION 3. HETEROLACTIC FERMENTATION 4. MIXED ACID FERMENTATION 5. BUTYRIC ACID FERMENTATION
68
It turns sugar into ethanol and carbon dioxide (for fungi, algae, protozoans, and some bacteria).
ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
69
In this process, pyruvate is reduced to lactate (for Streptococcus' and Lactobacilli"), which is used to make yogurt, sauerkraut, and pickles
HOMOLACTIC FERMENTATION
70
This process produces substances other than lactate, such as alcohol, carbon dioxide, formic acid, and acetic acid
HETEROLACTIC FERMENTATION
71
It involves the production of ethanol and acids, such as lactic, acetic, succinic, and formic acid
MIXED ACID FERMENTATION
72
It utilizes formic hydrogen lyase that converts formic acid into an equal amount of hydrogen and carbon dioxide
MIXED ACID FERMENTATION
73
It involves the conversion of pyruvate into butyric acid along with acetic acid, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen
BUTYRIC ACID FERMENTATION
74
Some bacteria that undergo this process are Clostridium, Fusobacterium, and Eubacterium (obligate anaerobes).
BUTYRIC ACID FERMENTATION
75
Once energy is obtained, bacteria as well as other organisms utilize it in various ways
a.For the biosynthesis of new cell components b.For the maintenance of the physical and chemical integrity of the cell c.For the activity of the locomotor organelles d.For the transport of solutes across membranes e.For heat production
76
For the __________ of new cell components
biosynthesis
77
For the maintenance of the ________ and ________ integrity of the cell
physical and chemical
78
For the activity of the locomotor ________
organelles
79
For the transport of __________ across membranes
solutes
80
For _______ production
heat

BACTERIOLOGY LECTURE (6 decks)

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