(PRELIM) Bacterial Genetics And Metabolism Flashcards
All _______ are gram positive except Neisseria,
Branhamella (Moraxella), Veilonella
cocci
All ________ are gram negative except Bacillus,
Listeria, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Erysipelothrix, Lactobacillus, Mycobacterium,
Actinomadura, Arcanobacterium, Gordonia,
Kuthria, Nocardia, Rhodococcus, Streptomyces,
Tropheryma whipplei, Tsukamurella
bacilli
presented In the 1920s
that DNA Is composed of
phosphates, five carbon,
sugars, and nitrogencontaining bases.
PHOEBUS A.T . LEVINE
Discover DNA in 1868
FREDERICK MIESCHER
introduced the helical
structure using x-ray
crystallography.
ROSALIND FRANKLIN
It is n double-stranded helical chain of
deoxynucleotides.
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)
In DNA There are 4 nitrogen bases
adenine, guanine,
thymine, and cytosine
The helix formed from the twisted doublestranded structure appears like a “____________.”
“spiral
staircase”
It is single-stranded, short-nucleic acid
RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)
It contains sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose
RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)
it has the same nitrogen bases found in the DNA
except for the thymine, which is replaced by ______
URACIL
The process of heredity and variation.
GENETICS
It is the starting point from which all other
cellular pathways, functions, and structures
originate .
GENETICS
________in genetics is a process where there is
duplication of chromosomal DNA for insertion into a
daughter cell
Replication
It results from a division of one parent cell, then each of
the resulting daughter cell receives the full and identical
genetic complement contained in the original parent cell.
Replication
The process of replication takes approximately _____________ with rapidly growing bacteria.
40
minutes
The process of encoding information in the genetic
elements is known as _________
GENE EXPRESSION.
It is the synthesis of a single-stranded RNA using one
strand of the DNA as a template
TRANSCRIPTION
It converts the DNA base sequence of a gene into a
mRNA molecule.
TRANSCRIPTION
is a molecule that contains the
instructions or recipe that directs the cells to make a protein
using its natural machinery.
mRNA (Messenger RNA)
It is a process wherein a specific protein is synthesized
from the mRNA.
TRANSLATION
The genetic code with mRNA molecules is translated into
a specific amino acid sequence that is responsible for the
protein structure and function.
TRANSLATION
A change in the original nucleotide sequence of a
gene or genes within an organism
’
s genome
(genotype)
MUTATION
It may be induced by chemical or physical
factors in the environment or by biologic factors
such as the introduction of a foreign DNA into the
cell.
MUTATION
It also occurs as a result of error during
replication.
MUTATION
It
is
a
process by which genes
are transferred
or
exchanged between homologous regions on two DNA
molecules.
RECOMBINATION (HOMOLOGOUS RECCOMBINATION)
It provides a way for organisms to acquire and copy
new combinations of biochemical pathways from
the changes in their environment. It occurs when a
portion of the genetic material that originates from
one bacterial cell (donor) is transferred into a
second bacterial cell (recipient).
RECOMBINATION (HOMOLOGOUS RECCOMBINATION)
It involves a number of binding proteins with the RecA
protein, which is essential for DNA repair and
maintenance, playing a central role.
RECOMBINATION (HOMOLOGOUS RECCOMBINATION)
Genes are transferred or exchanged between
homologous regions on _________
2 DNA molecules
Occurs when a portion of the genetic material
that originates from one bacterial cell (donor) is
transferred into a second.
RECOMBINATION (HOMOLOGOUS RECCOMBINATION)
3 GENETIC EXCHANGE
1.) TRANSFORMATION
2.) TRANSDUCTION
3.) CONJUGATION
Uptake and incorporation of naked (free)
DNA into a bacterial cell.
TRANSFORMATION
It involves the recipient cell up taking free DNA that is
released into the environment when another bacterial cell (donor) dies and undergoes lysis or cell disintegration caused
by a rupture in the cell wall.
TRANSFORMATION
Transfer of bacterial genes by a
bacteriophage (virus capable of infecting bacteria) from one cell to
another.
TRANSDUCTION
In this mechanism, DNA from two bacteria may come
together in one cell. There are Two (2) types of
transduction:
Generalized transduction
Specialized transduction
is the process in which the
bacterial DNA may be randomly incorporated with the viral DNA
Generalized transduction
is the process in which the
bacterial DNA adjacent to the viral DNA in the bacteria is
packaged into a new virus particle.
Specialized transduction
Transfer of genetic material from a donor
bacterial strain to a recipient strain
CONJUGATION
The donor strain produces a sex pilus, which binds to the recipient
cell and brings the two cells in close contact
CONJUGATION-
It is the transfer of genetic material
from a donor cell to a recipient cell and occurs between
two living cells (cell-to-cell contact).
CONJUGATION-
defined as the sum of all chemical
processes that take place in a living organism and
results in its growth, energy generation, waste
disposal, and other functions in relation to cell nutrient
distribution.
Metabolism
Bacterial metabolism is divided into two major parts:
anabolism or the constructive phase
catabolism
or the destructive phase.
It consists of biochemical reactions
that break down organic compounds and produce new
bacterial structures from the resulting carbon skeleton.
Bacterial metabolism
All ________ in the cell depend on the
presence and activity of specific enzymes
biochemical reactions
It is accomplished by the breakdown of chemical substrates
(chemical energy) through the degradative process of
catabolism that is coupled with oxidation reduction
reactions.
ENERGY PRODUCTION
Compounds such as glucose that have many hydrogen
atoms are highly reduced compounds, and thus contain a
large amount of potential energy
ENERGY PRODUCTION
Is an essential nutrient for energy production in
organisms
Glucose
from ________, microorganisms use two
general to produce energy respiration and fermentation
glucose
It is an efficient ATP-generating process in which molecules
are oxidized and results in an inorganic molecule as the final
electron acceptor.
RESPIRATION
In this process, glucose is completely broken down and
results in a high-energy production.
RESPIRATION
In the presence of oxygen, glucose is changed into carbon
dioxide and Water.
RESPIRATION
It is carried out by obligate aerobes and facultative
anaerobes
RESPIRATION
In an _________, oxygen is the final electron
acceptor
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
In an___________ , one of the different exogenous
substances, such as nitrate, sulfate, and fumarate, is the final
electron acceptor
anaerobic respiration
2 PROCESS IN RESPIRATION
- GLYCOLYSIS (EMBDEN- MEYERHOF-PARNAS PATHWAY)
- KERBS CYCLE (TRICARBOXYLIC ACID OR TCA CYCLE)
It is the first stage in carbohydrate metabolism
GLYCOLYSIS (EMBDEN- MEYERHOF-PARNAS PATHWAY)
It is the oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid
GLYCOLYSIS (EMBDEN- MEYERHOF-PARNAS PATHWAY)
It is the major route of glucose metabolism in most cells
GLYCOLYSIS (EMBDEN- MEYERHOF-PARNAS PATHWAY)
It is the most important process for the complete oxidation of
a substrate under aerobic conditions.
KERBS CYCLE (TRICARBOXYLIC ACID OR TCA CYCLE)
In this process, an enzyme system converts pyruvate into
carbon dioxide and an acid
KERBS CYCLE (TRICARBOXYLIC ACID OR TCA CYCLE)
This cycle is used to generate energy’ in the form of
adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
KERBS CYCLE (TRICARBOXYLIC ACID OR TCA CYCLE)
The substrate for this process is the acetyl coenzyme A
KERBS CYCLE (TRICARBOXYLIC ACID OR TCA CYCLE)
It does not require oxygen (anaerobic process), the use
of Krebs cycle, or an electron transport chain.
FERMENTATION
It releases energy from sugars or other organic
molecules such as amino acids and purines
FERMENTATION
It forms a mixture of end products (lactate, butyrate,
ethanol, and acetoin) in the medium; the analysis of
these products is useful for the identification of anerobic
bacteria.
FERMENTATION
It is carried out by both obligate and facultative
anaerobes.
FERMENTATION
5 PROCESS IN FERMENTATION
- .ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
- HOMOLACTIC FERMENTATION
- HETEROLACTIC FERMENTATION
- MIXED ACID FERMENTATION
- BUTYRIC ACID FERMENTATION
It turns sugar into ethanol and carbon dioxide (for fungi,
algae, protozoans, and some bacteria).
ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
In this process, pyruvate is reduced to lactate (for
Streptococcus’ and Lactobacilli”), which is used to make
yogurt, sauerkraut, and pickles
HOMOLACTIC FERMENTATION
This process produces substances other than lactate, such as
alcohol, carbon dioxide, formic acid, and acetic acid
HETEROLACTIC FERMENTATION
It involves the production of ethanol and acids, such as lactic,
acetic, succinic, and formic acid
MIXED ACID FERMENTATION
It utilizes formic hydrogen lyase that converts formic acid into an
equal amount of hydrogen and carbon dioxide
MIXED ACID FERMENTATION
It involves the conversion of pyruvate into butyric acid along with
acetic acid, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen
BUTYRIC ACID FERMENTATION
Some bacteria that undergo this process are Clostridium,
Fusobacterium, and Eubacterium (obligate anaerobes).
BUTYRIC ACID FERMENTATION
Once energy is obtained, bacteria as well as other organisms utilize
it in various ways
a.For the biosynthesis of new cell components
b.For the maintenance of the physical and chemical integrity of
the cell
c.For the activity of the locomotor organelles
d.For the transport of solutes across membranes
e.For heat production
For the __________ of new cell components
biosynthesis
For the maintenance of the ________ and ________ integrity of
the cell
physical and chemical
For the activity of the locomotor ________
organelles
For the transport of __________ across membranes
solutes
For _______ production
heat
