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BACTERIOLOGY LECTURE > (PRELIM) Introduction of Microbiology (prelim) > Flashcards

(PRELIM) Introduction of Microbiology (prelim) Flashcards

1
Q

earliest microscopic observation on bees and weevils

A

Roman Philosopher Lucretius
Girolamo Fracastro

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2
Q

postilated; invisible living creature can be transmitted through kissing, indirect contact vector and fomites

A

Girolamo Fracastro

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3
Q

Father of Microbiology

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhock

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4
Q

First microbiologist

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhock

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5
Q

he discovered “animalcules” found in stagnant water, in sick people, and in his own mouth

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhock

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6
Q

He used his self made single lens microscope with 50-300x magnification to study protozoans and bacteria

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhock

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7
Q

He wa the first to publish extensive and accurate observations of microorganisms

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhock

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8
Q

In 1673, he sent a detailed letter to the royal society of London describing bacteria

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhock

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9
Q

simple vertebrates could arise from spontaneous generation

A

Aristotle

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10
Q

he proposed that animals might originated form soil, plants or other unlike animals

A

Aristotle

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11
Q

In 1668, he demonstrated that maggots do not arise spontaneously from decaying meat

A

Francesco Redi

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12
Q

His result were a serious blow to the held belief that large forms of life could arise from nonlife

A

Francesco Redi

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13
Q

He observed that boiled mutton broth eventually became cloudy with microorganisms after pouring it into flask and sealed tightly

A

John Needham

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14
Q

he proposed that organic matter possessed a “vital force” that could give rise to life

A

John Needham

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15
Q

Fighting Against the Odds

A

Lazaro Spallanzani

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16
Q

he improved the previous experiments of Needham by heating broth placed in a sealed jar

A

Lazarro Spallazani

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17
Q

He observed that no growth took place as long as flask remained sealed

A

Lazarro Spallanzani

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18
Q

Proposed that air carried microorganisms to the culture medium that might be the reason for growth of organisms presented already in the medium

A

Lazarro Spallanzani

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19
Q

Growth of organisms present already in the medium

A

Lazaro Spallanzani

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20
Q

Concluded that microorganisms from the air probably had entered Needham’s solution after they were boiled

A

Lazarro Spallanzani

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21
Q

showed the importance of oxygen to life

A

Laurent Lavoisier

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22
Q

living cells can only arise from preexisting living cells

A

Biogenesis

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23
Q

he describe tat the disease is caused by a minute seed or gem

A

Robert Bacon

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24
Q

he challenged spontaneous generation with the concept of “biogenesis”

A

Rudolf Virchow

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25
Q

He stated that living things can only arise from pre existing cells

A

Rudolf Virchow

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26
Q

observed that no growth occurred in a flask containing nutrient solution after allowing air to pass through red-hot tube

A

Theodore Schwann

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27
Q

They noticed that no growth took place after allowing air to pass through a sterile cotton wool placed on a flask with heat sterilized culture medium

A

Heinrich Schroder
Theodore Von Dusch

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28
Q

He disproved the theory of spontaneous generation

A

Louis Pasteur

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29
Q

He proved that while the air does not generate microbes, microorganism are indeed present and can contaminate a sterile solution

A

Louis Pasteur

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30
Q

Proposed the use of heat in killing microorganisms, which in now called the aseptic technique

A

Louis Pasteur

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31
Q

Provided evidences that microorganisms could not originate form “mystical forces” present in non living material

A

Pasteur

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32
Q

he developed vaccine against anthrax (1881) and rabies (1885)

A

Louis Pasteur

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33
Q

He improved the wine-making processes by introducing the concept of fermentation and pasteuration

A

Louis Pasteur

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34
Q

showed that dust carry germs that could contaminate a sterile broth

A

John Tyndall

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35
Q

Tyndallization is a forn of sterilization in the 19th century that uses moist heat for three consecutive days to eradicate vegetative and endospores

A

John Tyndall

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36
Q

He discovered that there are bacteria that could withdtand a series of boiling because of heat resistant structure known as endospores

A

Ferdinand Cohn

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37
Q

He explained that yeast cells are responsible for the conversion of sugars to alcohol

A

Theodore Schwann

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38
Q

describe that certain microorganisms know as yeasts convert sugar to alcohol in the absence of air, a process known as fermentation

A

Louis Pasteur

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39
Q

He stated that the souring spoilage of wine are caused by different bacteria.

A

Pasteur

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40
Q

He also proved that in the presence of air, bacteria convert the alcohol in the beverage into vinegar or acetic acid

A

Pasteur

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41
Q

To resolve the problem in the wine industry, He suggested the minimal heating of beers and wines that is sufficient to kill most of the bacteria also known as pasteurization

A

Louis Pasteur

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42
Q

Study of living organisms of microscopic size

A

Microbiology

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43
Q

5 Microorganisms are:

A

Bacteria, Virus, Protozoa, Algae, Fungi

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44
Q

Protozoa has 4 types of parasites included:

A

Flagellates, Amoeba, Sporozoa, Ciliates

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45
Q

Giardia Intestinalis

A

Flagellates

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46
Q

Entamoeba

A

Amoeba

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47
Q

Palsmodium

A

Sporozoa

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48
Q

Balantidium Coli

A

Ciliates

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49
Q

relatively simple, single celled unicellular organisms

A

Bacteria

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50
Q

Their genetic material is not enclosed in a special membrane; bacterial cells are called…

A

Prokaryotes

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51
Q

Prokaryotes in Greek word

A

Prenucleus

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52
Q

prokaryotes include both…

A

Bacteria and archae

53
Q

It generally appear in one of several shapes

A

Bacterial cells

54
Q

3 bacterial cells are…

A

Bacillus, coccus, spirillus

55
Q

he demonstrated the routine handwashing can prevent the spread of diseases

A

Ignaz Semmelweis

56
Q

he introduced the system of antiseptic surgery

A

John Lister

57
Q

He pioneered in promoting among surgeon’s the handwashing before and after an operation. The wearing of gloves, sterilizing of surgical instruments, and the use of phenol ans antimicrobial agent for surgical wound dressing

A

John Lister

58
Q

Based on the concept that microorganisms can cause diseases

A

Germ Theory of Disease

59
Q

He was first to show irrefutable proof that bacteria indeed cause diseases

A

Robert Koch

60
Q

He discovered Bacrilus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, 1876

A

Robert Koch

61
Q

He discovered Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, which is the causative agent of pulmonary tuberculosis

A

Robert Koch

62
Q

He was the first to cultivate bacteria on boiled potatoes, gelatin, meat extracts, and protein

A

Robert Koch

63
Q

He developed a culture medium for observing bacterial growth isolated from the human body

A

Robert Koch

64
Q

In koch’s postulates: this must be present in every case of the disease but absent from a healthy host

A

Microorganism

65
Q

In koch’s postulates: this must be isolated from a diseased host and grown in a pure culture

A

Suspected microorganism

66
Q

In koch’s postulates: it must be present when isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host

A

Same disease

67
Q

In koch’s postulates: it must be isolated again from the diseased host

A

Same organism

68
Q

he introduces the use of the culture media

A

Walter Hesse

69
Q

She suggested the use of agar, a solidifying agent, in the preparation of the culture media

A

Fanny Hesse

70
Q

He developed the Petri dish, which is a circular glass or plate for holding the culture media

A

Julius Richard Petri

71
Q

They developed the enrichment-culture technique and the use of selective media

A

Martius Beijerinck and Sergei Winogradsky

72
Q

He introduced the concept of vaccination

A

Edward Jenner

73
Q

He collected scraping from cowpox blisters and inoculated a healthy volunteer by scratching the person’s arm with a pox-contaminated needle

A

Edward Jenner

74
Q

They made a series of experiments to produce attenuated stains of bacteria

A

Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Emile Roux

75
Q

They were able to prove that when attenuated strains are introduced into a healthy host, the latter remains protected against the virulent agent

A

Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Emile Roux

76
Q

He created a porcelain bacterial filter and developed the anthrax vaccine together with Pasteur

A

Charles Chamberland

77
Q

He prepared antitoxins for diphtheria and tetanus

A

Emil Von Behring

78
Q

He was the first to describe the cells of the immune system and the process of Phagocytosis

A

Elie Metchnikoff

79
Q

He discovered the streptomycin and neomycin antibiotics

A

Selman Walksman

80
Q

He was regarded as the Father of Antibiotics by some historian because he discovered antimicrobials before the hype of penicilin

A

Selman Walksman

81
Q

He accidentally discovered the antibiotic penicillin (Penicillium Notatum)

A

Alexander Fleming

82
Q

He discovered the lysozyme

A

Alexander Fleming

83
Q

They made the purification process for the penicillin and the clinical trials to humans

A

Howard Florey and Emat Chain

84
Q

He was the first to propese the correct biochemical structure of penicillin

A

Edward Abraham

85
Q

He discovered salvarsan (arsphenamine) for the treatment of syphilis

A

Paul Enrich

86
Q

It is the use of chemical substances in the treatment of diseases

A

Chemotherapy

87
Q

it also refers to the chemical treatment of non-infectious diseases, such as cancer

A

Chemotherapy

88
Q

Study of bacteria

A

Bacteriology

89
Q

Study of fungi

A

Mycology

90
Q

Study of protozoa

A

Protozoology

91
Q

Study of algae

A

Algology

92
Q

Study of parasites

A

Parasitology

93
Q

Study of heredity and variation

A

Genetics

94
Q

Study of mechanism involved in the development of resistance by body to infectious diseases

A

Immunology

95
Q

9 applied science

A

Medical Microbiology
Pharmaceutical Microbiology
Industrial Microbiology
Food Microbiology
Soil Microbiology
Agriculture Microbiology
Aquatic Microbiology
Air Microbiology
Epidemiology

96
Q

It deals with the study of causative agents of infectious diseases in human beings

A

Medical Microbiology

97
Q

It has close links with other disciplines such as pathology, clinical medicine, pharmacology and therapeutics

A

Medical Microbiology

98
Q

It deals with the study of microorganisms which are responsible for the production of antibiotics, enzymes, vaccines, vitamins, and other pharmaceuticals substances

A

Pharmaceutical Microbiology

99
Q

It also includes the method of sterilization and disinfection, microbiological testing of pharmaceuticals, sterile product preparation and diagnosis of disease and treatment

A

Pharmaceutical Microbiology

100
Q

It is the study of industrially useful microorganisms in the production of alcoholic beverages, vitamins, amino acids, enzymes, antibiotics, and other drugs

A

Industrial Microbiology

101
Q

it also includes fermentation techniques for the production of different compounds

A

Industrial Microbiology

102
Q

It deals with the interaction of microorganisms and food in the relation to food processing, food spoilage, food borne diseases, their preventation and includes preparation and preservation of food products

A

Food Microbiology

103
Q

It is the study of soil microbes and interaction among the soil microorganisms

A

Food Microbiology

104
Q

bacteria are enclosed in cell walls that are largely composed of a carbohydrate and protein complex called _________

A

Peptidoglycan

105
Q

Bacteria generally reproduce by dividing into two equal cells; this process is called____________

A

Binary fission

106
Q

many bacteria can “swim” by using moving Appendages called _______

A

Flagella

107
Q

what is missing in gram positive that gram negative has

A

Outer membrane

108
Q

what is missing in gram negative that gram positive has

A

Surface protein

109
Q

Consist of prokaryotic cells, but if they have cell walls, the walls lack of peptidoglygan

A

Archae

110
Q

Then found in extreme environments

A

Archae

111
Q

It produce methane as a waste product from respiration

A

Methanogens

112
Q

live in extremely salty environment

A

Extreme halophiles

113
Q

Halo means

A

Salt

114
Q

Philic means

A

Loving

115
Q

2 Salty environments mentioned in extreme halophiles

A

Great salt Lake and Dead Sea

116
Q

_______ are not known to cause disease in humans

A

Archae

117
Q

Are eukaryotes organisms whose cells have distinct nucleus containing cells genetic material (DNA), surrounded by a special envelope

A

Fungi

118
Q

A special enveloped mentioned in fungi

A

Nuclear membrane

119
Q

Organisism in the kingdom of fungi may be this two:

A

Unicellular or multicellular

120
Q

_________ such as mushrooms, may look somewhat like plants, but unlike most plants, fungi cannot carry out photosynthesis

A

Large multicellular fungi

121
Q

Most typical fungi are ____

A

Molds

122
Q

molds form visible masses called ________ adn composed of long filaments that branch and intertwine

A

Mycelia

123
Q

it can reproduce sexually or asexually. they obtain nourishment by absorbing solutions of organic material from their environment

A

Fungi

124
Q

Are unicellular eukaryotic microbes

A

Protozoa

125
Q

It move by psudopods, flagella or cilia

A

Protozoa

126
Q

Have a variety of shapes and live either as free entities or as parasites

A

Protozoa

127
Q

it can also reproduce sexually or asexually

A

Protozoa

128
Q

They use _____ as a source of energy and ____ as their chief source of carbon to produce sugars

A

Light and carbon dioxide

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