(PRELIM) Introduction of Microbiology (prelim) Flashcards
1
Q
earliest microscopic observation on bees and weevils
A
Roman Philosopher Lucretius
Girolamo Fracastro
2
Q
postilated; invisible living creature can be transmitted through kissing, indirect contact vector and fomites
A
Girolamo Fracastro
3
Q
Father of Microbiology
A
Anton Van Leeuwenhock
4
Q
First microbiologist
A
Anton Van Leeuwenhock
5
Q
he discovered “animalcules” found in stagnant water, in sick people, and in his own mouth
A
Anton Van Leeuwenhock
6
Q
He used his self made single lens microscope with 50-300x magnification to study protozoans and bacteria
A
Anton Van Leeuwenhock
7
Q
He wa the first to publish extensive and accurate observations of microorganisms
A
Anton Van Leeuwenhock
8
Q
In 1673, he sent a detailed letter to the royal society of London describing bacteria
A
Anton Van Leeuwenhock
9
Q
simple vertebrates could arise from spontaneous generation
A
Aristotle
10
Q
he proposed that animals might originated form soil, plants or other unlike animals
A
Aristotle
11
Q
In 1668, he demonstrated that maggots do not arise spontaneously from decaying meat
A
Francesco Redi
12
Q
His result were a serious blow to the held belief that large forms of life could arise from nonlife
A
Francesco Redi
13
Q
He observed that boiled mutton broth eventually became cloudy with microorganisms after pouring it into flask and sealed tightly
A
John Needham
14
Q
he proposed that organic matter possessed a “vital force” that could give rise to life
A
John Needham
15
Q
Fighting Against the Odds
A
Lazaro Spallanzani
16
Q
he improved the previous experiments of Needham by heating broth placed in a sealed jar
A
Lazarro Spallazani
17
Q
He observed that no growth took place as long as flask remained sealed
A
Lazarro Spallanzani
18
Q
Proposed that air carried microorganisms to the culture medium that might be the reason for growth of organisms presented already in the medium
A
Lazarro Spallanzani
19
Q
Growth of organisms present already in the medium
A
Lazaro Spallanzani
20
Q
Concluded that microorganisms from the air probably had entered Needham’s solution after they were boiled
A
Lazarro Spallanzani
21
Q
showed the importance of oxygen to life
A
Laurent Lavoisier
22
Q
living cells can only arise from preexisting living cells
A
Biogenesis
23
Q
he describe tat the disease is caused by a minute seed or gem
A
Robert Bacon
24
Q
he challenged spontaneous generation with the concept of “biogenesis”
A
Rudolf Virchow
25
He stated that living things can only arise from pre existing cells
Rudolf Virchow
26
observed that no growth occurred in a flask containing nutrient solution after allowing air to pass through red-hot tube
Theodore Schwann
27
They noticed that no growth took place after allowing air to pass through a sterile cotton wool placed on a flask with heat sterilized culture medium
Heinrich Schroder
Theodore Von Dusch
28
He disproved the theory of spontaneous generation
Louis Pasteur
29
He proved that while the air does not generate microbes, microorganism are indeed present and can contaminate a sterile solution
Louis Pasteur
30
Proposed the use of heat in killing microorganisms, which in now called the aseptic technique
Louis Pasteur
31
Provided evidences that microorganisms could not originate form "mystical forces" present in non living material
Pasteur
32
he developed vaccine against anthrax (1881) and rabies (1885)
Louis Pasteur
33
He improved the wine-making processes by introducing the concept of fermentation and pasteuration
Louis Pasteur
34
showed that dust carry germs that could contaminate a sterile broth
John Tyndall
35
Tyndallization is a forn of sterilization in the 19th century that uses moist heat for three consecutive days to eradicate vegetative and endospores
John Tyndall
36
He discovered that there are bacteria that could withdtand a series of boiling because of heat resistant structure known as endospores
Ferdinand Cohn
37
He explained that yeast cells are responsible for the conversion of sugars to alcohol
Theodore Schwann
38
describe that certain microorganisms know as yeasts convert sugar to alcohol in the absence of air, a process known as fermentation
Louis Pasteur
39
He stated that the souring spoilage of wine are caused by different bacteria.
Pasteur
40
He also proved that in the presence of air, bacteria convert the alcohol in the beverage into vinegar or acetic acid
Pasteur
41
To resolve the problem in the wine industry, He suggested the minimal heating of beers and wines that is sufficient to kill most of the bacteria also known as pasteurization
Louis Pasteur
42
Study of living organisms of microscopic size
Microbiology
43
5 Microorganisms are:
Bacteria, Virus, Protozoa, Algae, Fungi
44
Protozoa has 4 types of parasites included:
Flagellates, Amoeba, Sporozoa, Ciliates
45
Giardia Intestinalis
Flagellates
46
Entamoeba
Amoeba
47
Palsmodium
Sporozoa
48
Balantidium Coli
Ciliates
49
relatively simple, single celled unicellular organisms
Bacteria
50
Their genetic material is not enclosed in a special membrane; bacterial cells are called...
Prokaryotes
51
Prokaryotes in Greek word
Prenucleus
52
prokaryotes include both...
Bacteria and archae
53
It generally appear in one of several shapes
Bacterial cells
54
3 bacterial cells are...
Bacillus, coccus, spirillus
55
he demonstrated the routine handwashing can prevent the spread of diseases
Ignaz Semmelweis
56
he introduced the system of antiseptic surgery
John Lister
57
He pioneered in promoting among surgeon's the handwashing before and after an operation. The wearing of gloves, sterilizing of surgical instruments, and the use of phenol ans antimicrobial agent for surgical wound dressing
John Lister
58
Based on the concept that microorganisms can cause diseases
Germ Theory of Disease
59
He was first to show irrefutable proof that bacteria indeed cause diseases
Robert Koch
60
He discovered Bacrilus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, 1876
Robert Koch
61
He discovered Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, which is the causative agent of pulmonary tuberculosis
Robert Koch
62
He was the first to cultivate bacteria on boiled potatoes, gelatin, meat extracts, and protein
Robert Koch
63
He developed a culture medium for observing bacterial growth isolated from the human body
Robert Koch
64
In koch's postulates: this must be present in every case of the disease but absent from a healthy host
Microorganism
65
In koch's postulates: this must be isolated from a diseased host and grown in a pure culture
Suspected microorganism
66
In koch's postulates: it must be present when isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host
Same disease
67
In koch's postulates: it must be isolated again from the diseased host
Same organism
68
he introduces the use of the culture media
Walter Hesse
69
She suggested the use of agar, a solidifying agent, in the preparation of the culture media
Fanny Hesse
70
He developed the Petri dish, which is a circular glass or plate for holding the culture media
Julius Richard Petri
71
They developed the enrichment-culture technique and the use of selective media
Martius Beijerinck and Sergei Winogradsky
72
He introduced the concept of vaccination
Edward Jenner
73
He collected scraping from cowpox blisters and inoculated a healthy volunteer by scratching the person's arm with a pox-contaminated needle
Edward Jenner
74
They made a series of experiments to produce attenuated stains of bacteria
Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Emile Roux
75
They were able to prove that when attenuated strains are introduced into a healthy host, the latter remains protected against the virulent agent
Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Emile Roux
76
He created a porcelain bacterial filter and developed the anthrax vaccine together with Pasteur
Charles Chamberland
77
He prepared antitoxins for diphtheria and tetanus
Emil Von Behring
78
He was the first to describe the cells of the immune system and the process of Phagocytosis
Elie Metchnikoff
79
He discovered the streptomycin and neomycin antibiotics
Selman Walksman
80
He was regarded as the Father of Antibiotics by some historian because he discovered antimicrobials before the hype of penicilin
Selman Walksman
81
He accidentally discovered the antibiotic penicillin (Penicillium Notatum)
Alexander Fleming
82
He discovered the lysozyme
Alexander Fleming
83
They made the purification process for the penicillin and the clinical trials to humans
Howard Florey and Emat Chain
84
He was the first to propese the correct biochemical structure of penicillin
Edward Abraham
85
He discovered salvarsan (arsphenamine) for the treatment of syphilis
Paul Enrich
86
It is the use of chemical substances in the treatment of diseases
Chemotherapy
87
it also refers to the chemical treatment of non-infectious diseases, such as cancer
Chemotherapy
88
Study of bacteria
Bacteriology
89
Study of fungi
Mycology
90
Study of protozoa
Protozoology
91
Study of algae
Algology
92
Study of parasites
Parasitology
93
Study of heredity and variation
Genetics
94
Study of mechanism involved in the development of resistance by body to infectious diseases
Immunology
95
9 applied science
Medical Microbiology
Pharmaceutical Microbiology
Industrial Microbiology
Food Microbiology
Soil Microbiology
Agriculture Microbiology
Aquatic Microbiology
Air Microbiology
Epidemiology
96
It deals with the study of causative agents of infectious diseases in human beings
Medical Microbiology
97
It has close links with other disciplines such as pathology, clinical medicine, pharmacology and therapeutics
Medical Microbiology
98
It deals with the study of microorganisms which are responsible for the production of antibiotics, enzymes, vaccines, vitamins, and other pharmaceuticals substances
Pharmaceutical Microbiology
99
It also includes the method of sterilization and disinfection, microbiological testing of pharmaceuticals, sterile product preparation and diagnosis of disease and treatment
Pharmaceutical Microbiology
100
It is the study of industrially useful microorganisms in the production of alcoholic beverages, vitamins, amino acids, enzymes, antibiotics, and other drugs
Industrial Microbiology
101
it also includes fermentation techniques for the production of different compounds
Industrial Microbiology
102
It deals with the interaction of microorganisms and food in the relation to food processing, food spoilage, food borne diseases, their preventation and includes preparation and preservation of food products
Food Microbiology
103
It is the study of soil microbes and interaction among the soil microorganisms
Food Microbiology
104
bacteria are enclosed in cell walls that are largely composed of a carbohydrate and protein complex called _________
Peptidoglycan
105
Bacteria generally reproduce by dividing into two equal cells; this process is called____________
Binary fission
106
many bacteria can "swim" by using moving Appendages called _______
Flagella
107
what is missing in gram positive that gram negative has
Outer membrane
108
what is missing in gram negative that gram positive has
Surface protein
109
Consist of prokaryotic cells, but if they have cell walls, the walls lack of peptidoglygan
Archae
110
Then found in extreme environments
Archae
111
It produce methane as a waste product from respiration
Methanogens
112
live in extremely salty environment
Extreme halophiles
113
Halo means
Salt
114
Philic means
Loving
115
2 Salty environments mentioned in extreme halophiles
Great salt Lake and Dead Sea
116
_______ are not known to cause disease in humans
Archae
117
Are eukaryotes organisms whose cells have distinct nucleus containing cells genetic material (DNA), surrounded by a special envelope
Fungi
118
A special enveloped mentioned in fungi
Nuclear membrane
119
Organisism in the kingdom of fungi may be this two:
Unicellular or multicellular
120
_________ such as mushrooms, may look somewhat like plants, but unlike most plants, fungi cannot carry out photosynthesis
Large multicellular fungi
121
Most typical fungi are ____
Molds
122
molds form visible masses called ________ adn composed of long filaments that branch and intertwine
Mycelia
123
it can reproduce sexually or asexually. they obtain nourishment by absorbing solutions of organic material from their environment
Fungi
124
Are unicellular eukaryotic microbes
Protozoa
125
It move by psudopods, flagella or cilia
Protozoa
126
Have a variety of shapes and live either as free entities or as parasites
Protozoa
127
it can also reproduce sexually or asexually
Protozoa
128
They use _____ as a source of energy and ____ as their chief source of carbon to produce sugars
Light and carbon dioxide
