(PRELIM) Introduction of Microbiology (prelim) Flashcards
earliest microscopic observation on bees and weevils
Roman Philosopher Lucretius
Girolamo Fracastro
postilated; invisible living creature can be transmitted through kissing, indirect contact vector and fomites
Girolamo Fracastro
Father of Microbiology
Anton Van Leeuwenhock
First microbiologist
Anton Van Leeuwenhock
he discovered “animalcules” found in stagnant water, in sick people, and in his own mouth
Anton Van Leeuwenhock
He used his self made single lens microscope with 50-300x magnification to study protozoans and bacteria
Anton Van Leeuwenhock
He wa the first to publish extensive and accurate observations of microorganisms
Anton Van Leeuwenhock
In 1673, he sent a detailed letter to the royal society of London describing bacteria
Anton Van Leeuwenhock
simple vertebrates could arise from spontaneous generation
Aristotle
he proposed that animals might originated form soil, plants or other unlike animals
Aristotle
In 1668, he demonstrated that maggots do not arise spontaneously from decaying meat
Francesco Redi
His result were a serious blow to the held belief that large forms of life could arise from nonlife
Francesco Redi
He observed that boiled mutton broth eventually became cloudy with microorganisms after pouring it into flask and sealed tightly
John Needham
he proposed that organic matter possessed a “vital force” that could give rise to life
John Needham
Fighting Against the Odds
Lazaro Spallanzani
he improved the previous experiments of Needham by heating broth placed in a sealed jar
Lazarro Spallazani
He observed that no growth took place as long as flask remained sealed
Lazarro Spallanzani
Proposed that air carried microorganisms to the culture medium that might be the reason for growth of organisms presented already in the medium
Lazarro Spallanzani
Growth of organisms present already in the medium
Lazaro Spallanzani
Concluded that microorganisms from the air probably had entered Needham’s solution after they were boiled
Lazarro Spallanzani
showed the importance of oxygen to life
Laurent Lavoisier
living cells can only arise from preexisting living cells
Biogenesis
he describe tat the disease is caused by a minute seed or gem
Robert Bacon
he challenged spontaneous generation with the concept of “biogenesis”
Rudolf Virchow
He stated that living things can only arise from pre existing cells
Rudolf Virchow
observed that no growth occurred in a flask containing nutrient solution after allowing air to pass through red-hot tube
Theodore Schwann
They noticed that no growth took place after allowing air to pass through a sterile cotton wool placed on a flask with heat sterilized culture medium
Heinrich Schroder
Theodore Von Dusch
He disproved the theory of spontaneous generation
Louis Pasteur
He proved that while the air does not generate microbes, microorganism are indeed present and can contaminate a sterile solution
Louis Pasteur
Proposed the use of heat in killing microorganisms, which in now called the aseptic technique
Louis Pasteur
Provided evidences that microorganisms could not originate form “mystical forces” present in non living material
Pasteur
he developed vaccine against anthrax (1881) and rabies (1885)
Louis Pasteur
He improved the wine-making processes by introducing the concept of fermentation and pasteuration
Louis Pasteur
showed that dust carry germs that could contaminate a sterile broth
John Tyndall
Tyndallization is a forn of sterilization in the 19th century that uses moist heat for three consecutive days to eradicate vegetative and endospores
John Tyndall
He discovered that there are bacteria that could withdtand a series of boiling because of heat resistant structure known as endospores
Ferdinand Cohn
He explained that yeast cells are responsible for the conversion of sugars to alcohol
Theodore Schwann
describe that certain microorganisms know as yeasts convert sugar to alcohol in the absence of air, a process known as fermentation
Louis Pasteur
He stated that the souring spoilage of wine are caused by different bacteria.
Pasteur
He also proved that in the presence of air, bacteria convert the alcohol in the beverage into vinegar or acetic acid
Pasteur
To resolve the problem in the wine industry, He suggested the minimal heating of beers and wines that is sufficient to kill most of the bacteria also known as pasteurization
Louis Pasteur
Study of living organisms of microscopic size
Microbiology
5 Microorganisms are:
Bacteria, Virus, Protozoa, Algae, Fungi
Protozoa has 4 types of parasites included:
Flagellates, Amoeba, Sporozoa, Ciliates
Giardia Intestinalis
Flagellates
Entamoeba
Amoeba
Palsmodium
Sporozoa
Balantidium Coli
Ciliates
relatively simple, single celled unicellular organisms
Bacteria
Their genetic material is not enclosed in a special membrane; bacterial cells are called…
Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes in Greek word
Prenucleus
prokaryotes include both…
Bacteria and archae
It generally appear in one of several shapes
Bacterial cells
3 bacterial cells are…
Bacillus, coccus, spirillus
he demonstrated the routine handwashing can prevent the spread of diseases
Ignaz Semmelweis
he introduced the system of antiseptic surgery
John Lister
He pioneered in promoting among surgeon’s the handwashing before and after an operation. The wearing of gloves, sterilizing of surgical instruments, and the use of phenol ans antimicrobial agent for surgical wound dressing
John Lister
Based on the concept that microorganisms can cause diseases
Germ Theory of Disease
He was first to show irrefutable proof that bacteria indeed cause diseases
Robert Koch
He discovered Bacrilus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, 1876
Robert Koch
He discovered Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, which is the causative agent of pulmonary tuberculosis
Robert Koch
He was the first to cultivate bacteria on boiled potatoes, gelatin, meat extracts, and protein
Robert Koch
He developed a culture medium for observing bacterial growth isolated from the human body
Robert Koch
In koch’s postulates: this must be present in every case of the disease but absent from a healthy host
Microorganism
In koch’s postulates: this must be isolated from a diseased host and grown in a pure culture
Suspected microorganism
In koch’s postulates: it must be present when isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host
Same disease
In koch’s postulates: it must be isolated again from the diseased host
Same organism
he introduces the use of the culture media
Walter Hesse
She suggested the use of agar, a solidifying agent, in the preparation of the culture media
Fanny Hesse
He developed the Petri dish, which is a circular glass or plate for holding the culture media
Julius Richard Petri
They developed the enrichment-culture technique and the use of selective media
Martius Beijerinck and Sergei Winogradsky
He introduced the concept of vaccination
Edward Jenner
He collected scraping from cowpox blisters and inoculated a healthy volunteer by scratching the person’s arm with a pox-contaminated needle
Edward Jenner
They made a series of experiments to produce attenuated stains of bacteria
Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Emile Roux
They were able to prove that when attenuated strains are introduced into a healthy host, the latter remains protected against the virulent agent
Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Emile Roux
He created a porcelain bacterial filter and developed the anthrax vaccine together with Pasteur
Charles Chamberland
He prepared antitoxins for diphtheria and tetanus
Emil Von Behring
He was the first to describe the cells of the immune system and the process of Phagocytosis
Elie Metchnikoff
He discovered the streptomycin and neomycin antibiotics
Selman Walksman
He was regarded as the Father of Antibiotics by some historian because he discovered antimicrobials before the hype of penicilin
Selman Walksman
He accidentally discovered the antibiotic penicillin (Penicillium Notatum)
Alexander Fleming
He discovered the lysozyme
Alexander Fleming
They made the purification process for the penicillin and the clinical trials to humans
Howard Florey and Emat Chain
He was the first to propese the correct biochemical structure of penicillin
Edward Abraham
He discovered salvarsan (arsphenamine) for the treatment of syphilis
Paul Enrich
It is the use of chemical substances in the treatment of diseases
Chemotherapy
it also refers to the chemical treatment of non-infectious diseases, such as cancer
Chemotherapy
Study of bacteria
Bacteriology
Study of fungi
Mycology
Study of protozoa
Protozoology
Study of algae
Algology
Study of parasites
Parasitology
Study of heredity and variation
Genetics
Study of mechanism involved in the development of resistance by body to infectious diseases
Immunology
9 applied science
Medical Microbiology
Pharmaceutical Microbiology
Industrial Microbiology
Food Microbiology
Soil Microbiology
Agriculture Microbiology
Aquatic Microbiology
Air Microbiology
Epidemiology
It deals with the study of causative agents of infectious diseases in human beings
Medical Microbiology
It has close links with other disciplines such as pathology, clinical medicine, pharmacology and therapeutics
Medical Microbiology
It deals with the study of microorganisms which are responsible for the production of antibiotics, enzymes, vaccines, vitamins, and other pharmaceuticals substances
Pharmaceutical Microbiology
It also includes the method of sterilization and disinfection, microbiological testing of pharmaceuticals, sterile product preparation and diagnosis of disease and treatment
Pharmaceutical Microbiology
It is the study of industrially useful microorganisms in the production of alcoholic beverages, vitamins, amino acids, enzymes, antibiotics, and other drugs
Industrial Microbiology
it also includes fermentation techniques for the production of different compounds
Industrial Microbiology
It deals with the interaction of microorganisms and food in the relation to food processing, food spoilage, food borne diseases, their preventation and includes preparation and preservation of food products
Food Microbiology
It is the study of soil microbes and interaction among the soil microorganisms
Food Microbiology
bacteria are enclosed in cell walls that are largely composed of a carbohydrate and protein complex called _________
Peptidoglycan
Bacteria generally reproduce by dividing into two equal cells; this process is called____________
Binary fission
many bacteria can “swim” by using moving Appendages called _______
Flagella
what is missing in gram positive that gram negative has
Outer membrane
what is missing in gram negative that gram positive has
Surface protein
Consist of prokaryotic cells, but if they have cell walls, the walls lack of peptidoglygan
Archae
Then found in extreme environments
Archae
It produce methane as a waste product from respiration
Methanogens
live in extremely salty environment
Extreme halophiles
Halo means
Salt
Philic means
Loving
2 Salty environments mentioned in extreme halophiles
Great salt Lake and Dead Sea
_______ are not known to cause disease in humans
Archae
Are eukaryotes organisms whose cells have distinct nucleus containing cells genetic material (DNA), surrounded by a special envelope
Fungi
A special enveloped mentioned in fungi
Nuclear membrane
Organisism in the kingdom of fungi may be this two:
Unicellular or multicellular
_________ such as mushrooms, may look somewhat like plants, but unlike most plants, fungi cannot carry out photosynthesis
Large multicellular fungi
Most typical fungi are ____
Molds
molds form visible masses called ________ adn composed of long filaments that branch and intertwine
Mycelia
it can reproduce sexually or asexually. they obtain nourishment by absorbing solutions of organic material from their environment
Fungi
Are unicellular eukaryotic microbes
Protozoa
It move by psudopods, flagella or cilia
Protozoa
Have a variety of shapes and live either as free entities or as parasites
Protozoa
it can also reproduce sexually or asexually
Protozoa
They use _____ as a source of energy and ____ as their chief source of carbon to produce sugars
Light and carbon dioxide
