PRELIM LAB Flashcards
Developed in the 50’s by the U.S. Public Health Service at 1958
health belief model
7 components of the health belief model
Perceived Susceptibility
Perceived Severity
Perceived Benefits
Perceived Barriers
Cues to Action
Self-Efficacy
Limitations
Refers to the subjective assessment of the severity of a health problem and its potential consequences.
perceived severity
Refer an individual’s assessment of the value or efficacy of engaging in a health-promoting behavior to decrease risk of disease.
perceived benefits
Refers to an individual’s assessment of the obstacles to behavior change.
perceived barriers
Demographic variables include age, sex, race, ethnicity, and education, among others.
modifying variables
can be internal or external.
Physiological
Cues to actionq
Refers to an individual’s perception of his or her competence to successfully perform a behavior. Engagement in health-related behaviors.
self-efficacy
It places the burden of action exclusively on the client.
limitations
Improving and protecting the health of the people have always been a priority for healthcare workers and policy makers.
nursing theory nola pender and the health promotion model
Health promotion
Behavior motivated
Desire to increase well-being
Approach to wellness
Health Protection/Disease
Prevention
Behavior motivated
Desire to avoid illness
Early detection
Maintain function if illness exists
Health Promotion Model Breakdown
Three focus areas
- Individual experiences
- Behavior-specific knowledge and affect.
- Behavioral outcomes
Five key sections
- Person
- Environment
- Nursing
- Health
- Illness
Manifested by prior behavior
Seeks to identify past behavior to assess possibility of change
Individual Characteristics & Experiences
Perceived benefits/barriers of action
Considers influences
Behavior Specific Cognitions & Affect
Demands and preferences
Nurse empowers patient
Health promoting behaviors begin
Behavioral Outcome Commitment to plan of action
Focus on well-being before illness/disease exists/Prevention focused
Individual or community geared
Relevance of Health Promotion Theory
Use of the model relies on both Nurse & patient (also a limitation)
HPM has been used since 1980’s
Can be used in almost any practice
Future Incorporation to Nursing Practice
A framework for prevention that includes concepts of community oriented population focused care.
milio’s framework for prevention
It provides a comprehensive structure for assessing health and quality of life needs, and for designing, implementing, and evaluating health promotion and other public health programs to meet those needs.
precede-proceed model
PRECEDE
First is an “educational diagnosis”
PRECEDE
First is an “educational diagnosis”
“ecological diagnosis”
PROCEED
PRECEDE
components
Predisposing
Reinforcing and
Enabling
Constructs in
Educational
Diagnosis and
Evaluation
The models is multidimensional and is founded in the social/behavioral sciences, epidemiology, administration, and education
“ecological diagnosis”
PROCEED
The PRECEDE framework was first developed and introduced in the
1970s.
based on the premise that, just as a medical diagnosis precedes a treatment plan, an educational diagnosis
PRECEDE
PROCEED was added to the framework in consideration of the growing recognition of the expansion of health education to encompass policy, regulatory and related ecological/environmental factors
WHEN
1991
first stage in the program planning phase deals with identifying and evaluating the social problems that have an impact on the quality of life of a population of interest.
PHASE 1-SOCIAL diagnosis
helps determine health issues associated with the quality of life.
PHASE 2-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS
This is the analysis of behavioral links to the goals or problems that are identified in the social or epidemiological diagnosis.
Phase 3 - BEHAVIORAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL DIAGNOSIS BEHAVIORAL DIAGNOSIS
parallel analysis of social and physical environmental factors other than specific actions that could be linked to behaviors
ENVIRONMENTAL DIAGNOSIS
include knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, personal preferences, existing skills, and self-efficacy towards the desired behavior change.
Predisposing factors
include factors that reward or reinforce the desired behavior change, including social support, economic rewards, and changing social norms.
Reinforcing factors
skills or physical factors such as availability and accessibility of resources, or services that facilitate achievement of motivation to
Enabling factors
work on selecting factors that if modified will be most likely to result in behavior change, and can sustain this change process.
Phase 4 - EDUCATIONAL DIAGNOSIS
This phase focuses on the administrative and organizational concerns, which must be addressed prior to program implementation.
Phase 5 - ADMINISTRATIVE AND POLICY DIAGNOSIS
assess policies, resources, circumstances, prevailing organizational situations that could hinder or facilitate the development of the health program.
Administrative Diagnosis
assesses the compatibility of the program goals and objectives with those of the organization and its administration.
Policy Diagnosis
It is used to evaluate the process by which the program is being implemented.
Phase 7 – PROCESS EVALUATION
measures the effectiveness of the program with regards to the intermediate objectives as well as the changes in predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors.
Phase 8 – Impact Evaluation
measures change in terms of overall objectives and changes in health and social benefits or the quality of life.
Phase 9-OUTCOME EVALUATION
model is a participatory model for creating successful community health promotion and other public health interventions.
Conclusion
PRECEDE-PROCEED
is a health savings scheme whereby a participant may withdraw benefits that are equivalent to what s/he has paid in advance. In low-income countries, both types of schemes are being sponsored by governments and non-governmental organizations.
Prepayment
Describe the breadth and inclusions of CH Nurse practice.
The Public Health Intervention Wheel
Describe and monitors health events through ongoing systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health data for the purpose of planning, implementing, and evaluating public health interventions.
SURVEILLANCE
Systematically gathers and analyzes data regarding threats to the health of populations, ascertains the source of the threat, identifies cases and others at risk, and determines control measures.
Disease and other health event investigation
Locates populations of interest or populations at risk and provides information about the nature of the concern, what can be done about it and how services can be obtained.
Outreach
Oldentifies individuals with unrecognized health risk factors or asymptomatic disease conditions.
Screening
Located individuals and families with identified risk factors and connects them with resources.
Case Finding
Optimizes self-care capabilities of individuals and families and the capacity of systems and communities to coordinate and provide services
Case Management
Carries out direct care tasks under the authority of a health care practitioner as allowed by law.
Delegated Functions (System-focused)
Communicates facts, ideas, and skills that change knowledge, attitudes, values, beliefs, behaviors, and practices of individuals, families, systems and/or communities.
Health Teaching
Establishes an interpersonal relationship with a community, a system, and a family or individual, with the intention of increasing or enhancing their capacity for self-care and coping.
Counselling
Seeks information and generates optional solutions to perceived problems or issues through interactive problem solving with a community system and family or individual.
Consultation
Commits two or more persons or organizations to achieve a common goal by enhancing the capacity of one or more of the members to promote and protect health.
System-based
Collaboration
Promotes and develops alliances among organizations or constituencies for a common purpose.
Coalition Building
CITY HEALTH OFFICE 1 Loc
Good morning subd, Zone 1 brgy Sto Domingo City of Binan Laguna
Total population of Binan
187, 150
Total number of households in binan
48,876
City health officer
Mirabelle M. Benjamin
Organizational Chart of CHO
mayor-CH officer- Doctors- Public health nurses
Includes surveillance, observation, hypothesis testing, analytic research, and experiments
Study
Distribution
Refers to analysis by time, places, and classes of people affected
Determinants
Include all the biological, chemical, physical, social, cultural, economic, genetic, and behavioral factors that influence health
Health-related states or events
Refer to diseases, causes of death, behaviors such as the use of tobacco, positive health states, reactions to preventive regimens and provision and use of health services
Prevalence, incidence
Health status indicators
(morbidity)
Crude and specific death rates, maternal mortality, infant mortality. Neonatal mortality, post-neonatal mortality, child mortality, proportionate mortality, case fatality, life expectancy at birth, disability-adjusted life years(DALY’s) lost.
Health status indicators
(mortality)
Age-sex structure of the population, population density, migration, population growth indicators(crude birth
Population indicators
Access to health programs and facilities, availability of health resources(facilities, health manpower, finances)
Indicators for the provision of health care
Cases consulting a health provider(%), infants exclusively breast-fed for the first 6 months(%), children fully vaccinated (%), people using treated bednets(%)
Risk reduction indicators
Level and distribution of economic wealth, types and levels of employment, school enrollment and adult literacy, availability of housing, number of persons per room, availability and distribution of food supplies
Social and economic indicators
Quantity of suspended particulate matter(SO2,CO2, hydrocarbons, oxidants), potability of drinking water(turbidity, coliform counts, inorganic and organic chemicals, contamination of surface water with sewage and industrial wastes)
Environmental indicators
DALYs, indicators of restricted activity(bed-disability days, work lossdays), indicators of longterm disability(chronic activity limitation, chronic mobility limitation)
Disability indicators
Allocation of manpower and financial resources, mechanisms for community participation, collaboration between government and nongovernment organizations, equity in the distribution of resources among special target groups(elderly, urban poor, migrants); availability of a public policy statement and health plan
Health policy indicators
Explicated that disease could be associated with climate and the physical environment.
Hippocrates:
Used census and vital registration data to describe the mortality patterns in population subgroups such as occupational groups, prisoners, and various age groups
William Far
Snow’s investigation of?
the cholera epidemic in London in 1854
Identified the risk factors for coronary heart disease
Framingham Heart Study:
5 POPULATION INDICATOR (POPULATION GROWTH)
CGTAM
Crude birth rate
General fertility rate
Total fertility rate
Annual growth rate
Migration (population dynamics)
refers to the progress of a disease process in an individual over time, in the absence of intervention.
Natural History of Disease/ Prevention and Control of Diseases
Without medical intervention, the process ends with – recovery , – disability, – or death
Natural history of disease
describe a situation in which a large percentage of a problem is subclinical,
iceberg phenomenon
“tip of the iceberg” is apparent to the
epidemiologist.
Proposed by Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur.
germ theory of disease
one of the traditional models for depicting disease causation, but is by far the simplest of them all.
Epidemiological Triad
element or substance, animate or inanimate, the presence (or absence) of which may initiate or perpetuate a disease process
Agent
“soil” and the disease agent as “seed”.
Host
habitual presence of a disease within a given geographic area.
Endemic:
A persistently high level of occurrence.
Hyperendemic
an irregular pattern of occurrence, with occasional cases occurring at irregular intervals
Sporadic
occurrence in a community or region of a group of illnesses of similar nature, clearly in excess of normal expectancy and derived from a common or from a propagated source.
Epidemic:
his concept postulates that human disease and its consequences are caused by a complex interplay of nine different factors
The “BEINGS” Model of Disease Causation
was very effectively used by Leavel and Clark in explaining the natural history of disease and levels of preventio
“epidemiological triad theory”
is the comparative role of “genetic” and the “environmental” (i.e. extrinsic factors outside the host) factors in causation of disease.
Wheel theory
Prevention of the emergence or development of risk factors.
Primordial prevention
Measures of prevention undertaken during the phase of prepathogenesis (phase of susceptibility)
Primary prevention
These include all actions undertaken at the stage of early pathogenesis (asymptomatic disease) with a view to halt the progress of disease at it’s earliest, incipient stage, by “early diagnosis and prompt treatment”.
secondary prevention
include all measures undertaken when the disease has become clinically manifest or advanced, with a view to prevent or delay death, reduce or limit the impairments and disabilities,
tertiary prevention
Tertiary prevention has two types of approaches:
disability limitation
rehabilitation
