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PH 110.1 - Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Organic Chemistry (Lab) > PRELIM 02 - Drug Metabolism > Flashcards

PRELIM 02 - Drug Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Drug metabolism is also known as __________

A

Biotransformation

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2
Q

Process that plays a central role in the elimination of drugs and other foreign compounds (xenobiotics) from the body

A

Drug metabolism/Biotransformation

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3
Q

The most important organ in drug metabolism

A

Liver

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4
Q

Most drugs absorbed by the body are __________

A

Lipophilic

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5
Q

2 categories of drug metabolism reactions (FC)

A

Phase I (Functionalization reactions), Phase II (Conjugation reactions)

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6
Q

Phase I reactions are also known as __________ reactions

A

Functionalization

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7
Q

Phase II reactions are also known as __________

A

Conjugation reaction

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8
Q

Most common reaction under Phase I reaction

A

Oxidation

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9
Q

Most common reaction under Phase II reaction

A

Glucuronidation

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10
Q

Oxidation (Phase of drug metabolism)

A

Phase I (Functionalization)

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11
Q

Reduction (Phase of drug metabolism)

A

Phase I (Functionalization)

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12
Q

Hydrolysis (Phase of drug metabolism)

A

Phase I (Functionalization)

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13
Q

Glucuronidation (Phase of drug metabolism)

A

Phase II (Conjugation)

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14
Q

Sulfation (Phase of drug metabolism)

A

Phase II (Conjugation)

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15
Q

Glycine conjugation (Phase of drug metabolism)

A

Phase II (Conjugation)

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16
Q

Glutathione conjugation (Phase of drug metabolism)

A

Phase II (Conjugation)

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17
Q

Acetylation (Phase of drug metabolism)

A

Phase II (Conjugation)

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18
Q

Methylation (Phase of drug metabolism)

A

Phase II (Conjugation)

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19
Q

Involves the introduction of a functional polar group (ex. OH, COOH, NH2, SH) into the xenobiotic molecule to produce a more water-soluble compound (Phase of drug metabolism)

A

Phase I (Functionalization)

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20
Q

Involves direct introduction of the functional group or by modifying or “unmasking” existing functionalities (Phase of drug metabolism)

A

Phase I (Functionalization)

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21
Q

Involves the attachment of endogenous compounds to the functional handles of parent compounds to form water-soluble conjugated products (Phase of drug metabolism)

A

Phase II (Conjugation)

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22
Q

2 processes that terminate or attenuate biological activity (Exceptions in Phase II reactions) (MA)

A

Methylation, Acetylation

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23
Q

Process that protects the body against chemically reactive compounds or metabolites (Exceptions in Phase II reactions)

A

Glutathione (GSH) conjugation

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24
Q

Meaning of LUNA

A

Lipophilic, Unionized, Nonpolar, Absorbed

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25
Q

Meaning of HIPE

A

Hydrophilic, Ionized, Polar, Excreted

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26
Q

Valence increase (Oxidation or reduction)

A

Oxidation

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27
Q

Loss of electrons (Oxidation or reduction)

A

Oxidation

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28
Q

Presence of reducing agent (Oxidation or reduction)

A

Oxidation

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29
Q

Addition of oxygen (Oxidation or reduction)

A

Oxidation

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30
Q

Removal of hydrogen (Oxidation or reduction)

A

Oxidation

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31
Q

Addition of electronegative element (Oxidation or reduction)

A

Oxidation

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32
Q

Valence decrease (Oxidation or reduction)

A

Reduction

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33
Q

Gain of electrons (Oxidation or reduction)

34
Q

Presence of oxidizing agent (Oxidation or reduction)

35
Q

Removal of oxygen (Oxidation or reduction)

36
Q

Addition of hydrogen (Oxidation or reduction)

37
Q

Removal of electronegative element (Oxidation or reduction)

38
Q

Major pathway for carboxylic acid derivatives such as amides and esters (Examples of Phase I reactions)

A

Hydrolysis

39
Q

Cofactor involved in glucuronidation (an example of Phase II reaction)

A

Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid (UDPGA)

40
Q

Enzyme involved in glucuronidation (an example of Phase II reaction)

A

UDP glucuronosyltransferase

41
Q

Cofactor involved in sulfation (an example of Phase II reaction)

A

Phosphoadenosyl phosphosulfate (PAPS)

42
Q

Enzyme involved in sulfation (an example of Phase II reaction)

A

Sulfotransferase

43
Q

Cofactor involved in glycine conjugation (an example of Phase II reaction)

44
Q

Enzyme involved in glycine conjugation (an example of Phase II reaction)

A

Acyl-CoA glycinetransferase

45
Q

Was the first mammalian metabolite discovered from glycine conjugation

A

Hippuric acid

46
Q

Cofactor involved in glutathione conjugation (an example of Phase II reaction)

A

Glutathione (GSH)

47
Q

Enzyme involved in glutathione conjugation (an example of Phase II reaction)

A

GSH-S-transferase

48
Q

3 amino acids that comprises glutathione (GCG)

A

Glutamate, Cysteine, Glycine

49
Q

The __________ group in cysteine is responsible for detoxification in glutathione

A

Thiol (-SH)

50
Q

Cofactor involved in methylation (an example of Phase II reaction)

A

S-Adenosylmethionine

51
Q

Enzyme involved in methylation (an example of Phase II reaction)

A

Transmethylases/Methyltransferases

52
Q

Cofactor involved in acetylation (an example of Phase II reaction)

A

Acetyl-CoA

53
Q

Enzyme involved in acetylation (an example of Phase II reaction)

A

N-Acetyltransferase

54
Q

__________ is not yet fully developed in neonates and children

A

Glucuronidation

55
Q

Condition that results from the inability of infants to conjugate chloramphenicol with glucuronic acid

A

Grey baby syndrome

56
Q

Grey baby syndrome results from the inability of infants to conjugate __________ with glucuronic acid

A

Chloramphenicol

57
Q

Condition that results from the inability of newborns to conjugate bilirubin with glucuronic acid

A

Kernicterus (Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia)

58
Q

__________ is the major metabolism route of acetaminophen in children

59
Q

__________ is the major metabolism route of acetaminophen in adults

A

Glucuronidation

60
Q

In __________, sulfation is major and there is a lack of glucuronyltransferase enzymes

61
Q

In __________, glucuronidation is major and there is a lack of sulfotransferase enzymes

62
Q

In most animals, conjugation for benzoic acid occurs with __________

63
Q

In birds, conjugation for benzoic acid occurs with __________

64
Q

___________ involves variation in acetylating ability caused mainly by differences in N-acetyltransferase activity

A

Acetylation polymorphism

65
Q

4 drugs that undergo acetylation (HIPS)

A

Hydralazine, Isoniazid, Procainamide, Sulfonamide

66
Q

Egyptians, African-Americans, and Caucasians are __________; they tend to accumulate higher drug plasma concentrations, which leads to a greater therapeutic response

A

Slow acetylators

67
Q

Eskimos and Asians are __________; they eliminate the drug more rapidly, which leads to an inadequate therapeutic response

A

Rapid acetylators

68
Q

__________ accumulate higher blood concentrations of the un-acetylated drug, thus they are more prone to drug-induced toxicities

A

Slow acetylators

69
Q

In slow acetylators, hydralazine and procainamide increases their risk of __________

A

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) syndrome

70
Q

In slow acetylators, isoniazid increases their risk of __________

A

Peripheral nerve damage

71
Q

In slow acetylators, sulfasalazine increases their risk of __________

A

Hematologic disorders

72
Q

__________ produces toxic metabolites more rapidly; they are more likely to develop isoniazid-associated hepatitis

A

Rapid acetylators

73
Q

__________ is the hepatotoxic metabolite of isoniazid

A

Acetylhydrazine

74
Q

Rapid acetylators are more likely to develop __________

A

Isoniazid-associated hepatitis

75
Q

Reduction of an aldehyde yields a __________

A

Primary alcohol

76
Q

Reduction of a ketone yields a __________

A

Secondary alcohol

77
Q

Oxidation of a primary alcohol yields an __________

78
Q

Oxidation of a secondary alcohol yields a __________

79
Q

Hydrolysis of an ester yields 1 __________ and 1 __________ (CA)

A

Carboxylic acid, Alcohol

80
Q

An __________ is an example of a reducing agent

A

Antioxidant

81
Q

Ranking of functional groups according to hydrolysis reactivity (Least to most reactive) (AETAA)

A

Amide, Ester, Thioester, Acid anhydride, Acid chloride

PH 110.1 - Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Organic Chemistry (Lab) (7 decks)

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