prejudice and social norms Flashcards
bystander effect more likely
when other people are around
How to avoid diffusion of responsibility
be the helper, single someone out, even when it isn’t obvious call all
social norms
ways of thinking, feeling and/or behavior that are perceived as appropriate and share within a group
injunctive norms
perception of which behavior are typically approved or disapproved of
descriptive norms
perceptions of which behaviors are typical (when common/good = effective, when BAD they backfire)
petrified forest national park study
- “many past visitors have removed petrified wood form the park, changing the natural state of the petrified forest” (descriptive)
- “please don’t remove the petrified wood from the park, in order to preserve the natural state of the petrified forest” (injunctive)
- results: more people steal wood with the descriptive norm sign than the injunctive norm sign
descriptive norm salience study
- clean vs littered parking lot
- model litters or walks by
- Results: most littering was when model litter in littered parking lot,
least littering was when model walked by in clean parking lot
help save environment study
standard message vs injunctive and descriptive norm message
- results: increased participation in descriptive over standard
- experiment 2: percentage of participants results - same room > guest identity > citizen identity > gender identity > standard
ABCs - stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination cycle
- cognition (stereotyping)
- affect (prejudice and in-group favoritism)
- behavior (discrimination)
stereotypes
beliefs or opinions about characteristics of people who belong to certain groups
- part of basic mental categorization, helps make generalizations about the world, can be positive or negative
- often accurate, yet false and harmful stereotypes can emerge
stereotypes are maintained and enforced by
cognitive bias
- confirmation bias, availability heuristic
Line study (A-F, C and D are same)
when split into red and black lines, people though C was longrt
stereotype threat
knowledge of negative stereotypes reduces performance on relevant tasks
Steele and Aronson exam study
diagnostic: verbal ability
non diagnostic: problem solving task
- results: white did better than black people for diagnostic task, non diagnostic did same
- reminding groups of relevant stereotypes before an exam can improve or decrease performance
explicit prejudice
consciously held feelings about another group, show up on self report measures
implicit prejudice
unconscious feelings that may influence judgement and behavior without conscious awareness
- measured with implicit Association Test (IAT)
Implicit Association Test
measures implicit bias, reaction time when assigning shapes/images/words to certain groups
- if there’s a match between feeling and category = faster reaction time
- Results: faster responses for congruent pics that agree with stereotypes, reflects automaticity of mental associations
- can’t be used as a reliable test for individuals (only groups)
ingroups
group of people that you identify with and feel you belong to
outgroups
group that you do not belong to/identify with
minimal group paradigm
created two arbitrary groups, task given to groups - need to divide resources among participants
- results: participants gave more resources to their in-group than to their outgrip, conflict over resources
- would I’ve less to outgrip even if it mean less for ingroup
- minimal groups led to stereotyped perceptions of outgroup
Robbers Cave study
Stage 1: experimental group formation
Stage 2: competition phase
- realistic conflict theory
Stage 3: reducing friction
- intergroup interaction: contact snd communication
- superordinate goal: shared goal, requiring both groups to cooperate
Results
- in group rated favorable, outgroup rated unfavorable
- more friends in outgroup when cooperative
realistic conflict theory
intergroup conflict occurs eon groups compete over something
