prejudice and social norms Flashcards
bystander effect more likely
when other people are around
How to avoid diffusion of responsibility
be the helper, single someone out, even when it isn’t obvious call all
social norms
ways of thinking, feeling and/or behavior that are perceived as appropriate and share within a group
injunctive norms
perception of which behavior are typically approved or disapproved of
descriptive norms
perceptions of which behaviors are typical (when common/good = effective, when BAD they backfire)
petrified forest national park study
- “many past visitors have removed petrified wood form the park, changing the natural state of the petrified forest” (descriptive)
- “please don’t remove the petrified wood from the park, in order to preserve the natural state of the petrified forest” (injunctive)
- results: more people steal wood with the descriptive norm sign than the injunctive norm sign
descriptive norm salience study
- clean vs littered parking lot
- model litters or walks by
- Results: most littering was when model litter in littered parking lot,
least littering was when model walked by in clean parking lot
help save environment study
standard message vs injunctive and descriptive norm message
- results: increased participation in descriptive over standard
- experiment 2: percentage of participants results - same room > guest identity > citizen identity > gender identity > standard
ABCs - stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination cycle
- cognition (stereotyping)
- affect (prejudice and in-group favoritism)
- behavior (discrimination)
stereotypes
beliefs or opinions about characteristics of people who belong to certain groups
- part of basic mental categorization, helps make generalizations about the world, can be positive or negative
- often accurate, yet false and harmful stereotypes can emerge
stereotypes are maintained and enforced by
cognitive bias
- confirmation bias, availability heuristic
Line study (A-F, C and D are same)
when split into red and black lines, people though C was longrt
stereotype threat
knowledge of negative stereotypes reduces performance on relevant tasks
Steele and Aronson exam study
diagnostic: verbal ability
non diagnostic: problem solving task
- results: white did better than black people for diagnostic task, non diagnostic did same
- reminding groups of relevant stereotypes before an exam can improve or decrease performance
explicit prejudice
consciously held feelings about another group, show up on self report measures
