ostracism and conformity

Question 1

friendships across lifespan

Answer 1

elderly people have reduced social contact`

Question 2

longitudinal study of elderly

Answer 2

social and emotional patterns throughout adulthood
- results: less interactions/satisfaction with acquaintances as we age, closeness increases with close friends but interactions decrease

Question 3

socioemotional selectivity theory

Answer 3

reductions in social contacts across the lifespan reflect increasingly selectivity in choice of social partners
- in early adulthood, benefit from frequent interactions with many different people
- social frequency drops well before old age (18-30) - most dramatic

Question 4

By 30 interactions in significant relationships….

Answer 4

increase; become close/more satisfying

Question 5

Self-Disclosure - trauma study

Answer 5

trivial topic or personally upsetting event (emotion, fun, combo(

Question 6

Results of self-disclosure - trauma study

Answer 6

more negative mood in all three
- increase blood pressure for trauma combo
- 6m follow up: significant reduction in reported health problems for trauma emotion and trauma combo
- strongest effects in trauma combo group: decreased visits to student health

Question 7

self disclosure - social media study

Answer 7

social media = low risk environment to self-disclosure
- results: people with low self esteem shared more on social media and saw its safety/advantages
- results 2: participants with low self esteem….
- had significantly more negative status updates
- hod lower social reward scare (likes) for highly negative posts

Question 8

The Belonging Hypothesis

Answer 8

people have a pervasive need to form and also maintain significant, lasting relationships
- people report feely badly when ostracized even when they know beforehand and agree that this will occur

Question 9

cyberball paradigm

Answer 9

confederates throw a ball to each other, and they either include or exclude the participant
- results: excluded had significant less feelings of belonging compared to included participants

Question 10

fMRI study of exclusion during cyberball

Answer 10

implicit exclusion, inclusion, explicit exclusion
- ACC: anxiety, negative emotion and physical pain
- Right Ventral prefrontal cortex (RVPFC): regulation/inhibition of pain and negative emotions

Question 11

results of fMRI study of exclusion during cyberball

Answer 11

increased distress for explicit exclusion
increased ACC activity (positively associated with distress)
increased RVPFC (negatively correlated with distress and ACC)

Question 12

does ostracism hurt study

Answer 12

participants took Tylenol, significant decrease in Hirt feelings in experimental group after being excluded (decreased ACC and anterior insula)

Question 13

temporal need-threat model

Answer 13

3 stages
- immediate (reflexive): experienced as pain, anger, sadness, threat to fundamental needs
- coping (reflective): reflecting on what happened, thinking, acting in ways to fortify needs
- longterm (resignation): acceptance of message, self- ostracism, mental health issues

Question 14

self determination theory

Answer 14

humans have basic needs for autonomy, relatedness, and competence

Question 15

excluding others study

Answer 15

ostracizer, neutral, compliance
- results: increase negative affect, decreased autonomy and relatedness for ostracizer

Question 16

conformity

Answer 16

change in beliefs, opinions, and behaviors, as a result of our perceptions about what other people do or believe

Question 17

study conformity

Answer 17

light appears to be moving, say distance, at first all different answers, than all different answers when put together all ends up with same answer

Question 18

conclusion of conformity study

Answer 18

people will conform to the group when stimuli are ambiguous

Question 19

conformity study of lines

Answer 19

37% of responses conformed to group even when answer was wrong, 76% conformed at least once

Question 20

why did people conform?

Answer 20

• informational conformity
• normative conformity

Question 21

informational conformity

Answer 21

change in beliefs, opinions, behaviors, when we believe others have accurate information

Question 22

normative conformity

Answer 22

conforming in order to gain the group’s approval or avoid disapproval (i.e. rejection/exclusion) - form of public conformity: change in behavior not belief

Question 23

two opposing forces we have

Answer 23

personal factors (independence) and situational factors (conformity) - writing vs saying out loud, number of people in group

Question 24

what number of confederates makes people conform?

Answer 24

3 or more = more likely to conform

Question 25

minority influence: power of dissent

Answer 25

• 16 people, 1 person answered wrong-laughed at
• 16 people, 3 wrong ( increased respect/seriousness)

Question 26

situational factors - dissenting confederate

Answer 26

• 1 dissenting confederate decreased conformity form 37% to 5%
• 3>8 on conformity with 1 dissenter

Question 27

when confederates stopped dissenting and joined majority =

Answer 27

increased conformity

Question 28

conformity study - green slides

Answer 28

increased conformity with consistent minority, decreased conformity with inconsistent minority