Prehension and Mastication

Question 1

What is food prehension and which 4 organs are involved?

Answer 1

This is the seizing and conveying of food to the mouth.

• lips
• cheek
• teeth
• tongue

Question 2

What are vibrissae and what is their function?

Answer 2

Hairs - sensitive so can be used to locate food

Question 3

Which nerve innervated the muscles of the lips?

Answer 3

Facial nerve

Question 4

What is the name of the group of muscles that act as one to form a diaphragm across the cheek?

Answer 4

Buccinator

Question 5

What are the functions of the tongue?

Answer 5

1. Manipulation of foodstuffs both within and outside of the mouth
2. Tasting
3. Lapping water
4. Grooming
5. Vocalisation/articulation of sound

Question 6

How many pairs of extrinsic muscles pertain to the tongue?

Answer 6

5

Question 7

What is the name given to the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

Answer 7

Propria linguae

Question 8

What type of epithelium lines the tongue?

Answer 8

stratified, squamous keratinised epithelium

Question 9

What marks the division between the rostral two thirds and caudal one third of the tongue?

Answer 9

Vallate Papillae

Question 10

Which two joints allow motility in mastication?

Answer 10

Temporomandibular and symphysial joints

Question 11

What is formed from where the joint capsule of the temporomandibular joint is thickened?

Answer 11

Mandibular ligament

Question 12

Which process prevents backwards movement of the jaw?

Answer 12

Retroglenoid process

Question 13

Where is the symphysial joint located?

Answer 13

Between the two halves of the mandible at the rostral end as it unites them

Question 14

In which species is the symphysial joint most unfused?

Answer 14

Carnivores and cattle

Question 15

What are the 4 muscles of mastication

Answer 15

• Temporalis
• Masseter
• Pterygoids
• Digastricus

Question 16

Why is the digastricus muscle innervated by the trigeminal and facial nerves?

Answer 16

It has dual origin - from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arches

Question 17

In carnivores what is the largest and strongest muscle of the head?

Answer 17

Temporalis

Question 18

What is the largest muscle of the head in herbivores?

Answer 18

Masseter

Question 19

What are the 4 large salivary glands?

Answer 19

• Parotid
• Mandibular
• Sublingual
• Zygomatic (carnivores only)

Question 20

How does the sympathetic (fight or flight) system change the production of saliva?

Answer 20

Slows down production

Question 21

Why do cattle produce up to 150 litres of salvia per day?

Answer 21

It acts as a fermentation medium within the stomach and acts to buffer the fatty acids produced.

Question 22

What is the main prehensile organ in the following species:

• Horse
• Cattle
• Sheep
• Dog

Answer 22

• Lips
• Tongue
• Tongue
• Teeth

Question 23

What is the function of the Caninus muscle?

Answer 23

Retractor of the upper lip and nostril

Question 24

Which muscle retracts the caudal commissure of the lip?

Answer 24

Zygomaticus

Question 25

Which muscle lifts the upper lip and nostril?

Answer 25

Levator nasolabialis

Question 26

The sensory supply to the cheek is from which nerve?

Answer 26

Trigeminal nerve

Question 27

Which muscle lies over the infraorbital foramen?

Answer 27

Lavator labii superioris

Question 28

Name the 3 pairs of extrinsic tongue muscles

Answer 28

- Genioglossus - Styloglossus - Hyoglossus

Question 29

Which 2 pairs of muscles, associated with the hyoid apparatus also affect the movement of the tongue?

Answer 29

Geniohyoid | Sternohyoid

Question 30

Motor supply to the tongue is from which nerve?

Answer 30

Hypoglosssal

Question 31

Sensory supply to the tongue is from which nerves?

Answer 31

Rostral 2/3 - trigeminal mandibular lingual nerve | Caudal 1/3 - glossopharyngeal and vagus

Question 32

Taste sensation is supplied by which nerves?

Answer 32

Rostral 2/3 = lingual then chorda tympani then facial | Caudal 1/3 = glossopharyngeal and vagus

Question 33

The temporalis, masseter and pterygoids are innervated by which nerve and arise from where?

Answer 33

- Mandibular branch of trigeminal | - Mesoderm of pharyngeal arch 1

Question 34

Which nerves innervate the digastricus muscle?

Answer 34

Rostral part = trigeminal | Caudal part = facial

Question 35

What are the functions of salvia in: - carnivores - herbivores - ruminants

Answer 35

- Lubrication - Starts digestion and contains enzymes that act as buffers for fatty acids - Produces fluid for fermentation to start in the rumen