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Neuroscience - Test 3 > Prehension and Ballistic Skills > Flashcards

Prehension and Ballistic Skills Flashcards

0
Q

What body part is involved in fine motor development of prehension?

A

Hand

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1
Q

What is prehension?

A

Process of reaching and grasping - ability to use the hands and the UE effectively

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2
Q

What are the primary components of prehension?

A

Visual regard, reach (approach), grasp, manipulation, and release

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3
Q

How does stabilization factor into prehension?

A

Trunk and UE require varied degrees of stabilization to afford us the ability to reach and grasp objects

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4
Q

What is visual regard?

A

Visual attention of the object

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5
Q

What are the two factors of visual regard?

A
  1. Visual regard - accommodation (focus) and convergence

2. Visual perception - ability to use visual information to recognize, recall, discriminate, and understand what we see

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6
Q

What does visual regard require?

A

Eye-head-trunk coordination

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7
Q

What is approach (reaching)?

A

Directing or adjusting of the hand toward an object

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8
Q

What does approaching require?

A

Visual-motor control - eye-hand coordination

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9
Q

What does reaching involve?

A

Movement of all joints of the UE - vision initially important followed by tactile and proprioceptive input

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10
Q

What are postural adjustments associated with reaching?

A

Arms play a role with balance and hand can be used to form a new BOS

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11
Q

What does movement beyond arm’s length entail?

A

Movement of the trunk and the hips

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12
Q

What are the three stages of development of reaching?

A
  1. Prereaching - birth to 4 months
  2. Visually guided reaching - 4 to 8 months
  3. Visual elicited reaching - 9+ months
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13
Q

What is prereaching?

A

Excited thrashing of the limbs and no correction of reach once initiated

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14
Q

What is visually guided reaching?

A

Increased use of vision to guide hands and make corrections as they reach

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15
Q

What is visually elicited reaching?

A

No longer needs to see hand to guide reach and infant shapes hand correctly for the object

16
Q

What are the two types of grip?

A

Power and precision

17
Q

What is the power grip?

A

Forcible activities of the fingers and thumb that act against the palm to transmit a force to an object

18
Q

What are three examples of power grips?

A

Cylindrical, spherical, and hook

19
Q

What is precision grip?

A

Forces are directed between the thumb and fingers without contacting the palm

20
Q

What are three examples of precision grip?

A

Pad to pad prehension, tip to tip prehension, and pad to side (lateral) prehension

21
Q

What percentage does the thumb contribute to total hand function?

A

40-70%

22
Q

What is opposition?

A

Movement by which the pad surface of the thumb is placed diametrically opposite the terminal par of one or all of the digits

23
Q

What is the second most important finger?

A

Index finger

24
Q

Which finger is the longest and the strongest?

A

Middle finger

25
Q

What percentage does the index finger play in lateral pinch and power grip (supinated and pronated)?

A 
Lateral pinch - 20%
Power grip (supinated) - 20%
Power grip (pronated) - 50%
26
Q

What two digits are the most anatomically stable?

A

Index and middle finger

27
Q

What two digits are the most mobile and weakest?

A

Ring and pinky finger

28
Q

What are the three development grasps?

A
  1. Reflexive grasp - traction response and grasp reflex
  2. Transitional reaction - orienting response and instinctive grasp
  3. Purposeful grasp - squeeze grasp (palmar grasp) and radial palmar grasp (radial digital grasp)
29
Q

What is the goal of catching?

A

Retain possession of object that is caught

30
Q

How is catching developed?

A

Master ability to move left or right/forward or backward and point fingers up or down when catching a high or low ball

31
Q

What is throwing?

A

Ability to project an object accurately and with sufficient force through space

32
Q

How does throwing develop?

A

6 months - crude unrefined throwing

2 years - immature, stiff, and jerky throw

33
Q

What is a fundamental movement used in a number of child and adult games?

A

Ball-bouncing

34
Q

What is striking?

A

Propulsion skill - object or body part is used to project an object

35
Q

What are characteristics of early sidearm striking?

A

Chopping motion (elbow extension) and little leg and trunk movement

36
Q

How does striking progress?

A

Sideways preparatory stance, arm extended before contact, and swing through a large ROM

Neuroscience - Test 3 (5 decks)

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