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Neuroscience - Test 3 > Motor Learning > Flashcards

Motor Learning Flashcards

0
Q

What is recovery of function?

A

Reacquisition of movement skills lost through injury - involves the reorganization of both perception and action systems in relation to specific tasks and environments

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1
Q

What is motor learning?

A

The study of the acquisition and/or modification of movement

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2
Q

What does motor learning lead to?

A

Permanent changes in the capability for producing skilled action and behavior

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3
Q

Can changes be measured regarding motor learning?

A

Cannot be measured directly - changes may not be readily observable but inferred from performance improvement as a result of practice

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4
Q

Where does motor learning emerge from?

A

A complex system of perception, cognition, and action processes

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5
Q

What does motor learning involve?

A

Motor processes and learning new strategies for sensing as well as moving

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6
Q

What are task solutions?

A

New strategies for perceiving and acting

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7
Q

Does initial improvement in performance reflect changes in learning?

A

Not necessarily - retention of those performance improvements reflects learning

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8
Q

What is learning?

A

Relatively permanent change

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9
Q

What is performance?

A

Temporary change in motor behavior seen during practice sessions

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10
Q

Is performance solely a measure of absolute learning?

A

No

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11
Q

What is the basis for the acquisition of skilled behavior?

A

Simple forms of learning

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12
Q

What are the two basic forms of long term memory?

A
  1. Declarative memory (explicit)

2. Nondeclarative memory (implicit)

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13
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

Association of information related to people or things, places, and meaning of these bits of information

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14
Q

What type of memory is the most common type of motor learning?

A

Nondeclarative

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15
Q

What comprises declarative learning?

A

Facts and events

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16
Q

What comprises nondeclarative learning?

A
  1. Nonassociative learning - habituation and sensitization
  2. Associative learning - classical and operant conditioning
  3. Procedural learning - skills and habits
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17
Q

What type of nondeclarative learning involves reflex pathways?

A

Nonassociative learning

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18
Q

What is habituation?

A

Decreased responsiveness that occurs as a result of repeated exposure to a nonpainful stimulus

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19
Q

What is sensitization?

A

Increased responsiveness following a threatening or noxious stimulus

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20
Q

How does a person learn to predict relationships?

A

Through associative learning

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21
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Consists of learning to pair two stimuli

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22
Q

What is operant/instrumental conditioning?

A

Trial and error learning

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23
Q

What is an example of a conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus regarding classical conditioning?

A

Conditioned stimulus - ringing a bell
Unconditioned stimulus - food
–> repeated pairing the two stimuli produces a conditioned response to conditioned stimulus

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24
Q

What is the relationship between classical conditioning and therapy?

A
  1. Give verbal cue with physical assistance
  2. Overtime reduce physical assistance keeping verbal cue
  3. Overtime reduce verbal cue until patient has learned skill
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25
Q

What is the “law of effect”?

A

Behaviors that are rewarded ten to be repeated at cost of other behaviors - behaviors followed by aversive results are usually not repeated

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26
Q

What type of conditioning is associated with the “law of effects”?

A

Operant conditioning

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27
Q

What is an example of the law of effect?

A

Old elderly person who falls in a grocery store

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28
Q

What are therapeutic implications?

A
  1. Desensitization - reduce anxiety and fear

2. Use of praise to reinforce good performance

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29
Q

What is procedural learning?

A

Learning tasks that can be performed automatically without attention or conscious thought (habits) - develops slowly through repetition of an act over many trials

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30
Q

Where does procedural learning occur?

A

Striatum of the basal ganglia

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31
Q

Where does declarative learning occur?

A

Medial temporal lobe areas and hippocampus

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32
Q

What are the four different types of processing for declarative learning?

A
  1. Encoding
  2. Consolidation
  3. Storage
  4. Retrieval
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33
Q

What are different types of theories of learning?

A
  1. Adam’s closed-loop theory
  2. Schmidt’s schema theory
  3. Ecological theory
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34
Q

What does Adam’s closed-loop theory involve?

A

Sensory feedback

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35
Q

What is sensory feedback?

A

Used for the ongoing production of skilled movement - comparing the stored memory of intended movement

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36
Q

What are the two types of memory important in the Adam’s closed-loop theory model?

A
  1. Memory trace

2. Perceptual trace

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37
Q

When is memory trace used?

A

In the selection and initiation of the movement (initiates movement)

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38
Q

When is perceptual trace used?

A

Built up over a period of practice and becomes the internal reference of correctness (carries out the movement)

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39
Q

What is important about patient practice regarding the Adam’s closed-loop theory?

A

Have the patient practice the same exact movement repeatedly

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40
Q

Can variability in movement practice improve motor performance of the task?

A

Yes

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41
Q

What is Schmidt’s schema theory?

A

Generalized motor program contains the rules for creating the spatial and temporal patterns of muscle activity needed to carry out a given movement

42
Q

What are the two types of schema?

A
  1. Recall schema

2. Recognition schema

43
Q

What is recall schema?

A

Used to select a specific response - same movements performed many times with varied force output - developing the memory to choose the correct response

44
Q

What is recognition schema?

A

Used to evaluate the response

45
Q

What is important regarding Schmidt’s schema theory and practice?

A

Optimal learning will occur if a task is practiced under many different conditions

46
Q

What are limitations with Schmidt’s schema theory?

A

Lack of specificity of interaction with other systems during motor learning and the inability to account for the immediate acquisition of new types of coordination

47
Q

What is the ecological theory?

A

Motor learning is a process that increases coordination between perception and action consistent with the task and environmental constraints - theory emphasizes dynamic exploration activity of the perceptual/motor workspace to create optimal strategies for performing a task

48
Q

What are the clinical implications regarding the ecological theory?

A

The patient learns to distinguish the relevant perceptual cues important to organizing action

49
Q

What are the limitations with the ecological theory?

A

Still a very new theory and has not been applied to specific examples of motor skill acquisition in an systematic way

50
Q

What are the three components of Fitts and Posner’s Three-Stage Model?

A
  1. Cognitive stage (early phase) - what to do
  2. Associative stage (intermediate phase) - how to do
  3. Autonomous stage (final phase) - how to succeed
51
Q

What occurs during the cognitive stage?

A

Learners develops understanding of the task - relies on visually guided movement

52
Q

Who does the learner benefit most from in the cognitive stage?

A

Facilitator

53
Q

What is the role of the facilitator in the cognitive stage?

A

Precise and frequent feedback to the learning

54
Q

What is the role of the learner in the associative stage?

A

Determines and practices the strategy - refinement of skills

55
Q

What is the role of the facilitators in the associative stage?

A

Precise feedback and decreased frequency needed

56
Q

What is the role of the learner in the autonomous stage?

A

Practices and refines movement - highly organized autonomy and decreased cognitive monitoring of task

57
Q

Which stage is the stage of D/C?

A

Autonomous stage

58
Q

What is the relationship with level of attention and the three stages?

A

Attention decreased because you know how to do the task and you are working on refining it

59
Q

What are the three stages of the systems three-stage model?

A
  1. Novice stage - reduce DOF
  2. Advanced stage
  3. Expert stage - use all DOF
60
Q

What occurs in the two stages of Gentile’s two-stage model?

A
  1. First stage - learner develops an understanding of the task dynamics
  2. Second stage - learner refines the movement
61
Q

What may occur in movement control as motor programs are assembled during the learning of a new task?

A

Hierarchical changes

62
Q

What is the most important factor in retraining motor skills?

A

Practice levels

63
Q

How is the rate of improvement during any part of practice related to the amount left to improve?

A

Linearly related

64
Q

What are two types of feedback?

A
  1. Intrinsic (inherent)

2. Extrinsic (augmented)

65
Q

What is intrinsic feedback?

A

Information from sensory systems received during or after a movement

66
Q

What is extrinsic feedback?

A

Supplemental information from an external source

67
Q

What are two types of extrinsic feedback?

A
  1. Concurrent - given during the task

2. Terminal - given at the completion of the task

68
Q

What are another two types of feedback?

A
  1. Knowledge of results (KR) - focuses on outcome of the task
  2. Knowledge of performance (KP) - focuses on errors, key task elements, and the nature and quality of the movement
69
Q

What does KR focus on?

A

Outcome

70
Q

What does KP focus on?

A

Movement pattern

71
Q

What are three types of feedback provision methods?

A
  1. Transitional
  2. Manual guidance
  3. Observation
72
Q

What is the transitional feedback provision method?

A

Information provided to improve subsequent performance

73
Q

What is the manual guidance feedback provision method?

A

Provided during a task or movement while providing intervention…

  • increases performance
  • decreases learning
  • decreases retention
74
Q

What is the observation feedback provision method?

A

Observe others through modeling, peers, videos (self-assessment)…

  • increases performance
  • increases learning
  • decreases erros
75
Q

What are the five types of feedback timing?

A
  1. Bandwidth
  2. Summary
  3. Faded
  4. Delayed
  5. Concurrent
76
Q

What is bandwidth feedback timing?

A

Feedback is provided only when the performance of the task falls outside of set parameters - small errors are not corrected

77
Q

What is summary feedback timing?

A

Feedback provided at the end of a set number of trials

78
Q

What type of feedback timing is the best form of long term retentions?

A

Summary feedback timing

79
Q

What is faded feedback timing?

A

Giving more feedback early then fading out

80
Q

What type of feedback timing provides the most retention over time?

A

Faded feedback timing

81
Q

What is delayed feedback timing?

A

Feedback given after a period of time has elapsed following completion of trials

82
Q

What is concurrent feedback timing?

A

Feedback provided as tasks are being performed

83
Q

What are the four types of practice schedules?

A
  1. Session length
  2. Practice type
  3. Task order
  4. Type of task
84
Q

What are different types of practice conditions?

A
  1. Masses vs distributed practice - session length
  2. Constant vs variable practice - session type
  3. Random vs blocked practice
85
Q

What is massed practice?

A

Time spent in practice greater than time resting between - may lead to fatigue

86
Q

What is distributed practice?

A

Rest periods scheduled throughout session - may be better in cases of:

  • decreased motivation
  • decreased attention span
  • patient with motor planning deficit
87
Q

What is constant practice?

A

One task performed repeatedly over and over again

88
Q

What is variable practice?

A

Practice of several variations of the same task or category of movements

89
Q

What is blocked practice?

A

Predictable pattern - repeat same task

90
Q

What is serial practice?

A

Predictable order of repetition of sequence of tasks

91
Q

What is random practice?

A

Non-repeating, non-predictable sequence of tasks

92
Q

What is the importance of transfer?

A

Amount of transfer depends on similarity between two tasks or two environments - if a person is able to do the same task in two different places then they have conquered the task

93
Q

What is mental practice?

A

An effective way to enhance learning during times when physical practice is not possible

94
Q

What is triggered during mental practice?

A

Neural circuits underlying the motor programs

95
Q

What is the difference between guided and discovery learning?

A

Guided - learner is physically guided through the task to be learned

96
Q

What are the five concepts related to recovery of function?

A
  1. Function
  2. Recovery
  3. Recovery vs compensation
  4. Sparing of function
  5. Stages of recovery
97
Q

What is true recovery?

A

Learning the skill the right way

98
Q

What are four factors affecting recovery of function?

A
  1. Endogenous factors
  2. Exogenous factors
  3. Preinjury factors
  4. Postinjury
99
Q

What are endogenous factors?

A

Factors within the client - ex: age, weight, gender, etc

100
Q

What are exogenous factors?

A

Factors not based on the client

101
Q

What are the effects of age?

A

Brain reacts differently to injury at different stages of development

102
Q

What are pre-injury neuroprotective factors?

A
  1. Exercise
  2. Environmental enrichment
  3. Dietary restrictions
103
Q

What are post-injury neuroprotective factors?

A
  1. Effect of pharmacology
  2. Neurotropic factors
  3. Effect of exercise and training

Neuroscience - Test 3 (5 decks)

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