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neuroscience - test 3 > Lifespan Development > Flashcards

Lifespan Development Flashcards

0
Q

What country has the highest and lowest life expectancy?

A 
Highest = Japan
Lowest = US
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1
Q

What is life span?

A

Maximum survival potential of a particular species

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2
Q

What are four variable affecting life span development?

A
  1. Biological
  2. Psychological
  3. Sociocultural
  4. Life-cycle
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3
Q

What is the biological variable?

A

Heredity, health, and anything physical

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4
Q

What is the psychological variable?

A

Cognitive, emotional, behavioral, personality, and variables derived from those

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5
Q

What is the sociocultural variable?

A

Social and cultural environment, ethnicity, and religious beliefs and practices

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6
Q

What is the life-cycle variable?

A

Interaction of all the above with each life stage of each individual

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7
Q

What is aging?

A

All changes occurring with passage of time - growth, development, and degeneration

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8
Q

What is senescence?

A

Degeneration that occurs after the age of peak functional efficiency

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9
Q

What are the leading causes of death from 18-34?

A

Accidents, homicides, suicides, and AIDS

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10
Q

What are the leading causes of death after 55?

A

Cancer, stroke, diabetes, heart and lung diseases

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11
Q

What timeframe is middle age?

A

50-69

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12
Q

What time frame is old age?

A

60 and older

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13
Q

What are the periods of human development?

A
  1. Prenatal period
  2. Infancy - 18 to 24 months
  3. Early childhood - infancy to age 5
  4. Middle and late childhood - 6 to 11 years
  5. Adolescence
  6. Early adulthood - late teens through 30s
  7. Middle adulthood - begins 35-45 and ends 55-65
  8. Late adulthood - 60s until death
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14
Q

What is the main change associated with adolescence?

A

Puberty (women - estrogens/males - testosterone)

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15
Q

When do growth spurts occur for boys and girls?

A

Boys - 12.5

Girls - 10

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16
Q

How do proportions change for boys and girls?

A

Boys - shoulders broaden and legs grow longer

Girls - hips broaden

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17
Q

How does muscle-fat makeup change for boys and girls?

A

Boys - gain more muscle mass and aerobic efficiency

Girls - gain more fat

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18
Q

How does sleep change in adolescence?

A

Declines - need 10 hours in middle childhood but only need 7.5-8 hours in adolescence

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19
Q

What are the primary characteristics associated with adolescence?

A

Maturation of reproductive organs

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20
Q

What are the secondary characteristics associated with adolescence?

A

Development of breasts, growth of pubic hair, voice changes, and altered skin texture

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21
Q

What are the consequences with early maturing for boys and girls?

A

Boys - popular, confident, independent, positive body image

Girls - unpopular, withdrawn, low confidence, negative body image, more deviant behavior

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22
Q

What are the consequences with late maturing for boys and girls?

A

Boys - unpopular, anxious and talkative, attention-seeking, and negative body image
Girls - popular, sociable, lively, and positive body image

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23
Q

How does bone formation change?

A

Bone formed faster than resorbed in early development and slows down and does not keep pace with resorption

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24
Q

What is the result of loss of bone with aging?

A

1% per year

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25
Q

How does bone composition change with aging?

A

Children - equal organic/inorganic components

Adults - 7x more inorganic components

26
Q

What percentage of bone is lost with osteoporosis?

A

2-3% per year

27
Q

How do estrogen levels change?

A

Decreased levels in postmenopausal women

28
Q

What does estrogen stimulate?

A

Osteoblastic activity

29
Q

How does diet and exercise affect bone loss?

A

Diet - deficiency in calcium

Exercise - increases bone formation

30
Q

How does body composition change with aging?

A

Lean body weight decreases with increase of fat weight

31
Q

What percentage of muscle mass is lost and at what ages?

A

25-50 - 10%

50-80 - 30%

32
Q

How does the number and diameter of muscle fiber change with aging?

A

Decreases..
5% by age 50
35% after age 50

33
Q

How does aging affect the heart?

A

Ability to adapt to increased workload decreases - degeneration of heart muscle, decrease in elasticity, and changes in fibers of heart valves

34
Q

How does the nervous system change as we age?

A

Birth - brain is 25% of weight
Age 4 - brain is 80% of adult weight

Increasing size of neurons, increasing branching as synapses formed, increase in glia and mylein

35
Q

When are the spinal cord and lower brain centers most developed?

A

Birth

36
Q

When do cortical areas mature in the brain?

A

4-5 months

37
Q

What do PET scans reveal with regards to activity and age in the frontal cortex?

A

5 days old - little activity
11 weeks old - increased activity
7-8 months old - adult activity levels

38
Q

When does myelination increase in the spinal cord?

A

2-3 weeks post birth and continues through age 2-3

39
Q

How does myelination timing explain developmental timing?

A

Cervical portion first followed by lower portions - first motor skill a baby learns is how to hold their head up

40
Q

How does the nervous system change with age?

A
  1. Decrease in neurons, dendrites, synapses, neurotransmitters, and myelin
  2. Motor response to stimuli decreases
  3. Cerebral and neuronal atrophy
  4. ANS is leff efficient at regulating body temperature and BP
41
Q

What three parts of the nervous system suffer the most with age?

A
  1. Motor coordination
  2. Intellectual function
  3. STM
42
Q

What percentage does the brain weigh less by age 75?

A

50%

43
Q

What are changes in the integumentary system with aging?

A
  1. Wrinkles and sagging skin
  2. Gray or balding hair
  3. Skin bruises easily
  4. Hypothermia in cold weather and heat stroke in hot weather
44
Q

Why do we wrinkle?

A

Deepest layers of skin lose their elasticity

45
Q

When do changes in the integumentary system begin?

A

Late 40s

46
Q

What is photoaging?

A

Degeneration in proportion to UV exposure - skin spots, skin cancer, and wrinkling

47
Q

How many pounds does adipose tissue account for weight at birth?

A

1.1 lb

48
Q

What is the average fat weight for males and females?

A

Females - 31 lb

Males - 22 lb

49
Q

What is the relation of the rate of visceral fat and subcutaneous fat in childhood?

A

Visceral fat increases faster than subcutaneous fat

50
Q

How does subcutaneous fat change as we age?

A

Decreases until age 7 and then increases from 7 to 13

51
Q

What is the distribution of subcutaneous fat for boys and girls?

A

Girls - increase in trunk and limbs (legs > arms)

Boys - trunk > limbs

52
Q

What are the average body fat gains between ages 20 and 50 for males and females?

A

Females - 26 lb

Male - 18 lb

53
Q

How does total body weight change after age 50?

A

Declines - loss of bone and muscle and fat increases

54
Q

At what age does fat stabilize for women?

A

Age 45

55
Q

What are sensory changes associated with aging?

A
  1. Vision decreases
  2. Hearing decreases
  3. Smell and taste decrease
  4. Touch and temperature - lose ability to regulate temperature
56
Q

What is menopause?

A

Cessation of woman’s monthly menstrual flow, end of ovulation, decline in the production of female hormones (estrogen and progesterone)

57
Q

What are changes related to the CV system with aging?

A

Muscle atrophy, reduction in the amount of blood pumped with each contraction, BV decrease elasticity (increases BP), diminshed HR, rise in basal systolic BP

58
Q

What is hypertension?

A

Arteries are clogged and no longer elastic

59
Q

What is hypertension leading to a heart attack called?

A

Hypertensive CVD

60
Q

What are factors that contribute to HTN?

A

Genetics, environment, stress, smoking, obesity, lack of exercise, and low SES

61
Q

What are non-modifiable aspects of aging?

A

Arterial wall rigidity, cataract formation, graying of hair, kidney reserve, thinning of hair, and elasticity of skin

62
Q

What are modifiable aspects of aging?

A
  1. Glucose tolerance
  2. Intelligence tests
  3. Memory
  4. Osteoporosis
  5. Physical endurance
  6. Physical strength
  7. Pulmonary reserve
  8. Reaction time
  9. Serum cholesterol
  10. Social ability
  11. Skin aging
  12. Elevated BP
  13. Cardiac reserve
  14. Dental decay
  15. Exercise, non-smoking
  16. Prophylaxis
  17. Weight control, exercise, and diet
  18. Training, practice
  19. Weight-bearing exercise
  20. Sun avoidance
  21. Salt limitation
63
Q

What is ageism?

A

Process of systematic stereotyping of and discrimination against people because they are old

neuroscience - test 3 (5 decks)

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